Was Australia An Invasion Or Settlement

The convicts did not follow this conduct and most believed that the Australian natives were ‘barely human’ (MacDougall .A.K 2004). The population ratio of British settlers in Australia to the natives, drastically altered over the century in the result of rapid colonisation and the conflicts which the Commonwealth of Australia Official Year Books explicitly depicts. The British settlers came in masses bringing a new society and culture to the land. The indigenous people were not familiar with an individual possession society and believed that the stock on the land was to be hunted and used as a food source. This is epitomised in a letter sent to the editor of The Sydney Monitor and Commercial Advertiser by Daniel Eaton in 1838, stating that ‘five horses [were] killed, and four others were wounded… a hundred head of cattle killed and the flocks and herds were driven away in all directions by the blacks’ (Convict Creations, 2013). Newspapers from the time showed that the British reacted to the natives by killing them off the land and believed that the ‘Natives should be slaughtered…[because] they are baboons, blood thirsty dogs and black animals’ (Stewart D,1986). The British were not interested in negotiating with the natives of the land and believed their culture was inhuman wasting the land. Governor Gawler stated in a newspaper article, ‘Black men- we wish to make you happy, but you cannot be

The colonization of Australia has a disturbing influence on the Indigenous people who have lived in Australia for almost 60,000 years. Indigenous people are recognised as the custodians of the world’s longest living culture. For almost 60,000 years, more than 500 different Aboriginal nations and up to 1 million Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were understood to have lived in Australia before the arrival of the British in 1788. The new settlement was designed to improve Britain’s claim was to establish colonial powers. The result of colonisation was to beat competition over land and resources which quickly lead to violence. The history of colonisation has created an impact on families as it placed many thousands of children in

During the Frontier period, Indigenous peoples resisted the non-Indigenous settlement of Australia, throughout 1770-1890. During approximately throughout the 1890’s to 1970’s, the non-Indigenous retaliations occurred, resulting in protection, segregation and the stolen generations. Which initiated an ongoing impact on Indigenous communities.

-White settlement affected the Indigenous people in a number of ways”{They} made them (the Aboriginals) outcasts on their own land*” by calling it terra nullius under the English Law, despite knowing the existence of the Aboriginals. Terra nullius is a latin term that means “land that belongs to no one.”They believed it belonged to no one because the Aboriginals didn’t use the land in the same way as the British. The Aboriginals believed that Mother Nature would provide them with what they needed, so they didn’t need to hunt and mark the land. The British completely ignored the deep spiritual connections the Aboriginals had with the land. They cut down trees, put up fences and built towns. They believed they had to own the land. But the Aboriginals were outraged when saw the settlers building farms where they had originally been hunting and gathering at, this was because there wasn’t enough food for them. They killed many white settlers in revenge and a clash of cultures began. Pemulwuy was an Aboriginal warrior that lead raids against the British. He also speared John McIntyre, Governor Phillip's gamekeeper, in December 1790. When the Indigenous people resisted the British, it lead to many conflicts which eventually left a irreversible damage to the lives of Indigenous people.

The battle between the settlers and Aborigines increased when Macquarie became Governor and believed that the Aborigines should be civilised. This is another way of saying to convert Aboriginal ways into European ways. Macquarie tried very hard to teach new techniques or educating them however these failures made him very mad and desperate. In his perspective the rightful last resort was to put the Aboriginal land and people under his control by saying anyone is permitted to shoot Aborigines if they retaliated or resisted.

Since the beginning of European colonization in 1788, Aboriginal people have experienced displacement, have been the targets of genocidal policies and practices, and have had families destroyed through the forcible removal of children. Decades of colonial exploitation and a prolonged systematic attempt to destroy Aboriginal people and culture have led to legislations and policies that are punitive and restrictive towards Aboriginal people. Such legislation reflects the dominant society’s perceptions of Aboriginal people and how they ought to be

Human rights are the rights of humans, regardless of nationality, gender, race, or religion. We should all have this in common as we are all part of humanity. However, Indigenous people did not always have these rights (Ag.gov.au, 2015). Aside from basic human rights, Indigenous people also have their own rights specific to their culture. Before 1967, Indigenous people had different rights in different states and the Australian federal government did not have any jurisdiction over Aboriginal affairs until Australia’s constitution was amended for this purpose in 1967 (Moadoph.gov.au, 2015). Between 1900 and the present time, there have been significant changes to the rights of Indigenous Australians. The effects of the European Settlement on the Indigenous people of Australia have been devastating. When white people began arriving in Australia, the Aboriginal people believed them to be ghosts of ancestor spirits. However, once they realised the settlers were invading their land, the Aborigines became, understandably, hostile (Slater & Parish, 1999, pp.8-11). In 1788, the total Indigenous population was believed to be between 750,000 and one million. By 1888, the Indigenous population was reduced to around 80,000 Australia wide (Korff, 2014). The three main reasons for this dramatic decline were the introduction of new diseases, violent conflicts with the colonisers, and settlers acquiring Indigenous land (Digital, 2015). In 1848, the Board of National Education stated that it

Colonialism in Australia places a detrimental threat to the health of Indigenous Australians. Inherent in colonialism were scientific racisms, institutional racism and structural violence. These factors continues to persist in the fabric of Australian society today and limits the life chances of Indigenous Australians. This essay illuminates colonialism as a major contributor to the social marginalisation and low socioeconomic status experienced by indigenous Australian. An analysis of Aboriginal infant mortality rate, a health indicator highlights the difference between biomedical and sociological approach and the embedded negative impact of social marginalisation and low socioeconomic status on the health of Indigenous Australians. The

It is important to acknowledge that there are many similarities between the encounters of the British and the Aboriginals here as there are in regions further north, but it is the differences that resulted in the uncommon friendship that developed in King George Sound. A possible factor for is a the theory of self-fulfilling prophecy developed by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968, so when Flinders reported the friendly and peaceful behaviour displayed by the native Aboriginals, later explorers read the journal in order to gain a level of knowledge and they were informed to expect welcoming behaviour. So when the explorers arrived they were friendly toward the local Aboriginals due to the expectations that were strongly influenced from the knowledge in the journals they read, so it followed that the Aboriginals responded in kind displaying a friendly nature. So for a number of years this unusually harmonious relationship was maintained, leading to King George Sound being given the label the ‘friendly frontier’ by historian Neville Green.

In 1824 the British tried to colonize the Tiwi islands in the Australian Northern Territory. They had many confrontations with the Tiwi islanders, particularly the men. Some deaths occurred in both groups as a result. For a short amount of time a sense of peace came to the Tiwi Island. The Tiwi and British would swap tools until the Tiwi started taking the British tools without swapping or asking. The British saw this as theft. They did not understand the Aboriginal culture revolved around sharing everything, and the aboriginals had no understanding of the value of material possessions. The British soon realized this and used it against the Tiwi by swapping tools for land. The Tiwi were then confronted by the British quarrying stone on Melville Island, cutting down the trees, killing animals for food such as wallabies and marine life, relocating water from creaks, and the clearing of land to build European structures. The Tiwi were not happy with this at all. The trees, water, and land are very sacred to the aboriginal people, they see these things as a part of themselves. The Tiwi realized that the British were not going to leave but instead were

In his article Genocide in Tasmania? Henry Reynolds writes about events that happened during the British colonization of Tasmania during 1820s-1830s. The arrival of white settlers led to significant reduction of indigenous population. While colonial governments argued about the term “genocide”, Reynolds’s work suggests the term accurately describes events that happened during that period of time.

In 1788 the first Fleet arrived in Australia bringing European soldierse, convicts and settlers. This bought aboriginals in contact with white people for the first time. Some aboriginal groups tried to resist this occupation and they used violence and force the archive it. This essay will explain why that resistance was justified by examining the causes, identifying some examples of Indigenous resistance and will assess short and long term effects of this conflict.

From the first colony established for penal settlement in 1788 at Port Jackson, it all seemed to begin peacefully in the start. In reality, as the white settlers expands their territories with more colonies established, those movements destroyed not only the lives but also the trusts from the aborigines, unlike such as initially when Governor Arthur Phillip issued the Letters Patent establishing the colony of South Australia in 1836 with the confidence that “nothing should affect the rights of the natives in regard to their enjoyment or occupation of the land” . Over the past, Aborigines had their own complex social organisation, yet they had different language and customs in various tribes but have managed to live peacefully with one another. Still the British settlers saw the Aborigines as an inferior and a primitive group, simply because they have a lack of what they are used to, westernization. Such as a visible administration and therefore, they introduced the nation-state and complex political institutions along with the rise of new class, race, and gender concepts, which these are all parts of the preface towards modernity and civilisation.

The powerful countries during this time, mainly Britain, France and Spain, had an agreement that lands classed as terra nullius, meaning no man's land, could be claimed by the country that first found them. Natives were found inferior and names with natives were still classed as terra nullius. This agreement is legally endorsed through the doctrine of Discovery (Behrendt, 2012, p.10). Miss meant when the British arrived in 1788 Australia was deemed terra nullius and the British royal out to colonise as or Aboriginal rights and ownership of the land were undermined due to the doctrine of terra nullius. British survival in Australia relied heavily on Agriculture and thus colonies rapidly move to areas that agriculture could boom. The clearing of land for crops and livestock threatened indigenous Australian culture and way of life. It also affected their water sources by contamination food supplies were restricted as animals were hunted as pests and food by the British and sacred sites were disturbed and destroyed. Due to this Australian indigenes no longer had the natural resources that are light on and were forced to move and to loose spiritual connection with the lands. (Foley, 2007, p.178), (Behrendt, 2012, p.85), (McGrath, 1996, p.71). All of these factors pushed indigenous Australians to resist British

Colonisation in Australia is followed by 5 steps, according to Professor Virgillio Enriquez. Step 1, includes the denial of culture within the indigenous society. This first step to this process of colonisation, also gives perspectives on the way colonisers display ignorance upon different cultures. This initial step also includes the gradual withdrawal of cultural practices, as indigenous people may develop close relationships with the colonised strangers and eventually adapt to their culture. Due to the advanced culture of the colonisers, some may become converted and eventually turn against their original culture. With the denial of indigenous culture, step 2 of colonisation was invoked, with the destruction of anything representing their