Waswani Tribe

It was during the time period that Christ was born that the Anasazi Indians appeared in the Four Corners area which is the area where the boundaries of Arizona, Utah, New Mexico and Colorado meet. For the over a thousand years the Anasazi thrived and built their homes into the side of cliffs. These cliff dwellings could only be reached by climbing and made for a great defense system against enemies; some dwellings reached five stories in height and contained hundreds of rooms. Many of the elaborate cliff dwellings and terraced apartment houses built of stone, mud, and wood that dot the Four Corners region still stand today and date back to about 9,000 CE., but the people who comprised this desert culture did not begin to settle into an agricultural lifestyle until around A.D. 400. The Anasazi, which is a Navajo word meaning “the ancient ones”, likely received corn, squash and beans, which are a prime source of protein, added to their diet and the knowledge to raise them from their southern neighbors in Mexico. Vegetable crops provided a reliable food source that made an increase in population possible and also allowed time for other interests such as religion, art, ritual, public works and handicrafts. This allowed the Anasazi society continued to evolve and progress. The ancient ones also possessed beans, a prime source of protein and new varieties of corn. Other innovations included the bow and arrow which eventually replaced spears and at least two varieties of dogs

Central Pennsylvania was never known as to have been the permanent settlement for any large group of Native Americans. It was more of a stop for traveling tribes or a place of refuge. The Cherokees once passed through here in the early 17th century (Wallace, 1970). The Susquehannock Indians were an Iroquois Indian tribe that settled the Susquehanna watershed before they migrated to Maryland, near the Chesapeake Bay (Cadzow, 1936). The tribe that stayed the longest and had the most influence on Central Pennsylvania was the Shawnee. The Shawnees were an Algonkian people whose original home was most likely the Cumberland River in Tennessee. This southern position gave them the name Shawnee, meaning "southerners" in the Algonkian language. The Shawnees split up often and moved around a lot, they are noted to have lived in parts of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. Their first known appearance in Pennsylvania in great numbers was in 1697 (Harvey, 1855). The tribe had five main groups: Chillicothe, Kispokotha, Pique, Sawekela, and the Makostrake (Johnson, 1937). These became so intermixed that they are now indistinguishable. The reasons for these groups were mainly for political and ritual purposes and did not affect

The tribe I chose was the Apache, I chose them because they’re interesting and their way of life and culture is intricate. Apache is what the Spanish used to describe them it means enemy, The Apache had other names for themselves like Inde which means “the people”. The Apache were from Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. They had many ceremonies and leaders to represent their tribe.

In the Eastern Woodlands, the native Iroquoian people populated the area, who set fires twice a year to clear away underbrush to allow an easier hunting season. In addition, they had no universal style of government, with many organized into chiefdoms. Near The Great Lakes, there were several different types of natives collectively called the Anishinaabe. Many Europeans found that the Anishinaabe had a vast social landscape, with the peoples of the Ottawas, Ojibwas, and Potawatomis. Additionally, these people would use canoes to travel across the Great Lakes. Towards the west in the Great Plains, the Comanches were formidable people of the vast territory. They rode on horseback to dominate their enemies, and would mainly hunt Bison.

The Sioux and Chippewa Indian tribes’ have a drastically different way of living compared to what other people are accustomed to in terms of their history, clothing, tools, and weapons needed for survival. The Sioux Indians were originally from Asia, but migrated to America about 30,000 years ago. Their long, straight jet-black hair resembles that of the Asian descendants. The Sioux tribes were located in The Great Plains, which consists of 7 different states Minnesota, Wisconsin, North and South Dakota; however, they were also known to live in parts of Nebraska, Illinois, and Montana. “The name Sioux is an abbreviation of Nadouessioux. (Britannica) The name was given to them by the Ojibwa (Chippewa). Sioux means, “Little snake”. The Sioux tended to follow the pattern of the buffalo, which is why they are found in multiple locations.

The Cherokee tribe is known as one of the earliest and largest Indian tribe in North America. They are federally recognized even today among several states(museum). While they slowly became Americanized by the Europeans who came over to America, some still practice their typical Indian rituals publicly today. Most converted to Christianity and their government in Oklahoma is based off the American government with three branches. One would believe that the Trail of Tears could have completely vanquished these Indians but many made it through the horrendous trial and kept the Indian bloodline going even present day (Conley).

The economic and cultural influences of the 19th century Hudson Bay Company had a significant impact on the diet and food practices of the Northern First Nations Peoples, which impact created a dependency on the government. From this dependency Northern Canada emerged as a welfare state. Prior to European contact, the First Nations exercised regular hunting and gathering practices, relying on game animals as a key meat source. These Peoples, such as the Barren Ground caribou hunters and the Ojibwa fishing villagers, were considered affluent as they had stable food resources which supplied a surplus to their needs (Coates 1989). Resource management strategies, such as hunting multiple species, had been established and were practiced by the hunters to avoid food shortages or scarcities (Coates 1989). Most tribes which based their food supply on a primary large animal – such as the barren ground caribou – would also hunt secondary prey sources, like the beaver (Coates 1989). However, modifications were made to these management strategies as the First Nations responded to the demands created by the open market of the 19th century Hudson Bay Company. The Peoples developed as commercial

"You [...] made Plantations there and spoiled their hunting grounds, they [French-allied Delawares] then complained to us [...] and [we] found their complaints to be true. [...] [...] Our advice to you is, that you send for the Senecas [and Delawares],

The Kootenai Tribe historically inhabited Northwestern Montana, Northern Idaho, Eastern Washington, and parts of Southern British Columbia. In this vast region, the indigenous people were; hunters, gathers, and fisherman. The tribe is made up of six bands, and is usually spilt up from there into the Lower and Upper Kootenai Tribe. The Upper Kootenai were traditionally forest and mountain people who traveled to the prairies to hunt buffalo (Pritzker 263-264).The Lower Kootenai were more tied to water, and primarily harvested fish. These Lower Kootenai bands constructed a unique sturgeon-nosed canoe, which is only found among this tribe, and in parts of Asia (Kootenai Canoe). The Kootenai’s lived a seminomadic lifestyle. They had permanent winter villages near good

The Hualapai people are a tribe of Native Americans that are currently living in northwestern Arizona. The name Hualapai means “People of the Tall Pines”(“About Hualapai”). These people have a rich history that is passed on by oral tradition. These people have influences in hunting (“About Hualapai”). Through history, these people have not lost their culture and traditions.

The 1774 treaty was signed between the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the Passamaquoddy Tribe. The treaty stipulated that the tribe would surrender all claims to land in Massachusetts in exchange for 23,000 acres at Indian Township and ten acres at Pleasant Point. Indian Township is located just above Princeton, Maine, and Pleasant Point is located between Eastport and Perry, Maine. This treaty was signed after the enactment of the Trade and Intercourse Acts, which held that no treaties could be made with the Indians, except with federal approval. There was no federal approval with this treaty (Brooks 3).

“ Word spread that some Tuscarora towns near the Pamlico settlement were becoming unusually friendly with the Bear River Indians, with the apparent intention of inciting

Though today, the Blackfoot territory is defined by reserve/reservation boundaries and divided by the United States-Canadian border, their homeland, Nitawahsinnanni (“our land”), continues to be defined by topographical features using their language (The Blackfoot Gallery Committee, 2013, 12). This traditional homeland spans from the North Saskatchewan River (Ponokasisahta, the Elk River) as far south as the Yellowstone River, Montana (Otahkoitahtayi) and from the Rocky Mountains as far East as the “Great Sand Hills

I chose to research the Oneida Nation Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin Elderly Heath Care. Here is a little background on the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin. They are located in Brown and Outagamie Counties. They are descendants of an indigenous Iroquoian-speaking nation that arose in the present-day central-western New York. The Oneida Tribe is a sovereign government. Oneida means “long awaited” and they spoke Oneida. Lastly, they have three clans: Turtle, Bear, and Wolf Clan. The Turtle Clan represents the shifting of the earth and the cycles of the moon. The people of this clan represent the well of information and the keepers of the land. The Bear Clan known as Medicine people, the healers. There are stories passed down about how the Bear

Famous American anthropologist and social theorist Clyde Kluckholm , claims in one of his publication that “Every language is also a special way of looking at the world and interpreting experience concealed in the structure of language are a whole set of unconscious assumptions about the world and the life in it”(Writing logically, Thinking critically 7th edition P 35). Based on this theory, we can learn more