Water Simulation Lab Report

When water is in short supply a plant with a closed stomata has the luck that no matter what environmental situation it’s in (extreme heat, windy conditions, etc.) it will be able to control the water that it needs from escaping regardless of the environment it’s placed in.

“Plants can absorb water over their entire surfaces, but the greater part of the water supply comes from the soil (Larcher, 1995, p.223).”

The beautiful town of Stillwater is located on the St. Croix river in the St. Croix River Valley and is known as the Birthplace of Minnesota. The early days of Stillwater were uncertain and uneasy as the land was fought over for many years. The coveted land transitioned from being part of Wisconsin territory to being included in Washington county in 1938. All the while, lumbering interests drew many to the area and white settlers took up residence in Stillwater. One former soldier, Indian trader, Justice of the Peace and promoter, Joseph Renshaw Brown had been in the area since 1820. He had set up a store and farm at Grey Cloud Island and kept a warehouse at the head of Lake St. Croix to supply upriver fur trading operations. This warehouse, which was located where North Stillwater stands today, grew into a small village that he called “Dacotah”. In 1840 the first ferry was licensed to operate across the St. Croix.

In this experiment, I concluded that amylase have the abilities to catalyze the breakdown of the starch into glucose. Also, some molecules, such as the Lugol’s regent (I2Kl) and glucose are able to permeate through intestine (Dialysis tubing) while others, such as starch is not able to permeate through the (Dialysis tubing).

The site livescience.com says “Photosynthesis is the process used by plants, algae and certain bacteria to harness energy from sunlight into chemical energy…Oxygenic photosynthesis functions as a counterbalance to respiration; it takes in the carbon dioxide produced by all breathing organisms and reintroduces oxygen into the atmosphere.” The source sciencing.com reads “The leaves of plants contain openings called stomata, which are used for the exchange of gases. Carbon dioxide, combined with water in photosynthesis, is drawn in through the stomata. Oxygen, a byproduct of the process, is released through these openings,

Stomates are the tiny purse in the plants leaves. Stomates release oxygen and intake carbon dioxide through the tiny opening and closing purse. Photosynthesis is the process of the gas exchange through the stomates. The negative effect of the opening stomates is the amount of water lost, although the water loss through the stomates is necessary and is called transpiration. This process cannot be avoided but luckily plants can control the amount of water lost by controlling when and how big they open. The stomates open when the outside environment concertation is just right to try and avoid large water loss and the stomates don’t open at all when the outside temperature is hot as it would lose large amounts of water. On the stems of woody texturised

Density is the measurement of an object that has a relative mass and is divided by a specific volume. Mass is the amount of matter an object possesses. Volume is the amount of space of an object occupies (solid, liquid or gas.) In chemistry the term density can be described as a physical and intensive property of matter. The term intensive property means, it is independent on the size and amount of a substance. Many chemist compare different types of densities of elements and substance with water. Density can be either expressed as (g/mL) for liquids, (g/cm3) for solids, and grams per liter (g/L) for gases. (Ch. 7 Notes, Dr. Binz, Lindenwood University, 2015.) The density of water is about 1.00 g/mL. If the density of an object is less

Plants provide many products that benefit other organisms and their environments. Perhaps one of the most important roles of the plant is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted into a usable form. Of this energy obtained by the plant, ten percent is passed on through each level of the trophic chain, and the rest is given off as heat. This theory is known as the 10% Law. The process of photosynthesis also consumes carbon dioxide, and releases oxygen as a byproduct. This is arguably one of the most important functions of plants, because oxygen is such a vital ingredient to life on Earth. With their oxygen producing capabilities, plants have been coined as, “The Lungs of the Earth”. Another benefit that plants provide to their ecosystems that has only been discovered since an increase in human pollution is their detoxification potential. Many plants

One of the following challenges that various animals adapted to from a water dominant environment to a terrestrial environment is that they protected themselves from drying out. In order to carry this adaptation out and avoid desiccation (a process where organisms lose water to the air), plants developed the adaptation of cuticle; a waxy and protective surface layer that is secreted around the exposed surfaces of a plant. This surface is relatively impermeable which essentially helps avoid water loss from taking place in the plant. Additionally, it prevents them from acquiring different types of bacteria and viruses. Another structure that was adapted to prevent water loss was the stomata, which allows water to diffuse out of the plant when it closes. This adaptation is essential because plants need water to go through photosynthesis in order to produce energy.

Water and light are two of many essential needs responsible for a range of plant processes ensuring the growth and survival of plants. (Johnson, 2011) Water is crucial as it is used during photosynthesis, to dissolve nutrients, to help with the regulation of temperature and as a transporter for food and minerals. Nutrients that are absorbed by the plant through active transport (which can be defined as the movement of a substance across the membrane going against the concentration gradient, from low concentration to high concentration) include nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous, sulfur and magnesium. All of which are macronutrient ions meaning they exist as ions in the soil, and then are absorbed when they are dissolved in water. Each one of

Transpiration is a part of the water cycle process, and it is the loss of water vapor from parts of the plants. It is a process similar to evaporation. Evaporation and diffusion cause the plant tissue to have negative water potential. If you were to compare transpiration it would be like saying it is close to sweating (but in plants), especially in leaves but also in stems, flowers and roots. Stomata are dots with openings on top of the leaves surfaces, which in many plants have numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stomas are boarded by guard cells that open and close the pore. Leaf transpiration happens through stomata, it is considered as a necessary need

Put simply, ABA tells the stomata to close when there isn’t enough soil water for transpiration to occur. When ninety percent of the plant’s water is lost through the stomata, the turgid guard cells become flaccid, causing the stomata to close. The process behind this is ABA binds to receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane of guard cells. The receptors are then activated, resulting in various pathways connecting to create a couple of occurrences: a rise in Ph in the cytosol and the transfer of calcium ions from the vacuole to the cytosol. What these changes effect is the loss of negatively-charged ions, particularly nitrate and the chloride ion from the cell, as well as the positively-charged potassium ion. After losing the solutes, cytosol lessens the osmotic pressure and result in the loss of turgidity. The second function mentioned is ABA’s ability to improve the plant’s potential for soaking up water from the soil. The third is ABA’s importance in protecting the cells from dehydrating, by activating the proteins that encode genes, to aid the cells against dehydration damage. Whereas, in bud dormancy (the fourth function mentioned), ABA helps to protect the apical meristem from drying out during winter by making it dormant. The fifth function, a little different than bud dormancy, looks at how ABA affects the process of seed dormancy and maturation, by keeping the seed to dormant until favorable conditions occur

Plant water stress is a major factor affecting crop yield. With the ever-increasing human population, there is a constant stress exerted on water resources (McGwire et al., 2000). So irrigation to avoid or relieve this stress must be done judiciously, not only to avoid environmental problems such as groundwater pollution and runoff, but also to keep the cost down on a limited and expensive resource. Soil moisture sensors are often used for precision irrigation control purposes. However, soil moisture sensors can only assess the degree of water deficit stress that is imposed to the plants, but not necessarily the level of water deficit stress that is actually experienced by the plants (Sinclair and Ludlow, 1985). An assessment of leaf water content, on the other hand, may yield more detailed insight into the plant’s actual physiological response to a certain degree of low soil moisture content, and how water deficit stress is in fact experienced by the plant. Leaf water content is a key indicator of plant health, vigor and photosynthetic efficiency (Harry, 2006). Accurate retrieval of plant water content plays a crucial role in assessing drought risk (Bauer et al., 1986), select genotypes in breeding for water stress (Munjal and Dhanda, 2005), predicting wildfire and monitoring the physiological condition of vegetation (Peñuelas and Filella, 1998) and biomass (Cho et al., 2007; Mutanga et al., 2005; Ullah et al., 2012c), while in the agriculture domain it helps in scheduling

Plant water stress is a major factor affecting crop yield. With the ever-increasing human population, there is a constant stress exerted on water resources (McGwire et al., 2000). So irrigation to avoid or relieve this stress must be done judiciously, not only to avoid environmental problems such as groundwater pollution and runoff, but also to keep the cost down on a limited and expensive resource. Soil moisture sensors are often used for precision irrigation control purposes. However, soil moisture sensors can only assess the degree of water deficit stress that is imposed to the plants, but not necessarily the level of water deficit stress that is actually experienced by the plants (Sinclair and Ludlow, 1985). An

Petiole is the support that bind the leaf blade to the stem. It is the passage between the stem and the leaf blade. Petiole ends where the blades begin. In a typical and carnivorous plant, the petiole is the channel where the products of photosynthesis are moved from individual leaves to the rest of a plant, making it an important part of photosynthesis. Lamina or blade, is the leaf tissue that encompasses mesophyll cells, which contain chloroplasts, making its primary function photosynthesis. The epidermis below or above the lamina contains stomata to facilitate gas exchange. Moreover, the lamina in a typical and carnivorous plant contains xylem and phloem that deliver water and nutrients and carry away the products of photosynthesis. Cuticle is a waxy covering in the epidermal cells. Cuticles in a typical plant help reduce water loss and effectively decrease the entry of pathogen due to their waxy secretion. The cuticle not only keep the plant surfaces from becoming wet, it also helps prevent  plants from drying out. In carnivorous plants, the cuticle allows for nutrients to go directly into the tissues. The interior pitcher walls of Sarracenia lack a cuticle which allows the nutrients from the pitcher fluids to enter the plant through its specialized gaps in the cuticle. Trichomes on typical plants are outgrowths of  the epidermis, such as hair, scale, or water vesicle and can have a variety of functions. Root hairs are trichomes that facilitate the absorption of water