Water Soluble Molecules

The topic sentence of the article “Small, Yes, but Mighty: The Molecule Called Water” is “Behind water’s peerless punch, and the reason it rather than alcohol or any other lubricant serves as the elixir of life, is the three-headed character whose chemical name we all know: H2O.” This is the topic sentence because it states what the entire article is about, which is water and how unique it is because of it’s molecular structure. I learned several facts about H2O from this article. One thing I learned was that 60 percent of our body weight comes from water. Which proves how important water is for most living things. In addition something else with similar properties would be much bigger and more complex and it would lose the advantages of water.

Over the past decades, nanometre-sized or known as microcapsules have been benefited the approach of Layer-by-Layer(LbL) technique due to the ability of tailoring their properties(e.g., size , shape, colloidal stability, surface-functionality, composition) that are biocompatible and biodegradable.1-3,10They are broadly used in many applications including food technologies, cosmetics, textiles industry and pharmaceuticals. The LBL assembly of multilayers are fundamentally built up by the alternating deposition of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes onto a sacrificial template such that the charge oscillates between positive and negative with each layer.1,4 The establishment of nanocoatings using LbL assembly method distinguishes itself in its intelligibility compared to the more conventional method. The

30-33). Edexcel Limited. Jenkins, A., Kratochvíl, P., Stepto, R. F., & Suter, U. W. (2009). Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science. Pure and Applied Chemistry , 68 (12), 2287-2311.

4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (742 mg, 5.7 mmol) and acetone (10 mL) were mixed together on ice, while a mixture of 4-chlorobenzoyl chloride (0.55 ml, 4.3 mmol) in acetone (2.5 mL) was added drop-wise for 10 minutes. Then, the mixture was mixed on ice for an addition five minutes, then for ten minutes at room temperature. Diethyl ether (10 mL) was added to the mixture and the resultant white precipitate was filtered. The product was recrystallized using ethanol (95%) and filtered. After drying, the crystals were dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane (10 mL) and ammonia (concentrated, 10 mL). The organic layer was removed and the aqueous layer was washed with dichloromethane (10 mL). The combined organic layer was dried with sodium sulfate (anhydrous) and evaporated, which afforded a white powder (0.68 g, 66%) mp: 130-133°C; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm) 7.71 (d, 2H), 7.41 (d, 2H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 3.73 (t, 4H), 3.53 (q, 2H), 2.60 (t, 2H), 2.5 (t, 4H); IR (ATR) υmax (cm-1) 3277, ~2900, 1633, 1595, 1546, 1486, 1469, 1461, 1142, 1116,

Many molecules, particularly peptides and polypeptides are physically embedded in polymers to create a complex network of interconnecting pores through which the drug could subsequently diffuse. The pore structure and polymer composition is controlled in order to design systems that release the drug at nearly any rate and for nearly

Raynaud’s syndrome causes narrowing of arteries carrying blood to fingers and toes limiting the blood circulation as a result of cold exposure. Nifedipine, vasodilator and calcium channel blocker is the drug of choice in treating Reynaud’s syndrome. Oral delivery of nifedipine can exhibit adverse effects like headache and dizziness, so topical formulation is a good alternative in this perspective. Another challenge is, photodegradation of nifedipine. To overcome this problem, a topical non-greasy vanishing cream, an o/w emulsion is formulated which retained 72% of nifedipine upon exposure to UVA light for 2h. In order to further improve the photostability, various photo stabilizers such as rutin, quercetin and butyl methoxybenzoylmethane (BMDBM)

Figure 2.6 shows the structure of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) used. A polymer must be dissolved in solvent to mix well for membrane fabrication. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was used as a solvent in this study. According to Hilal, Ismail & Wright (2015), the membrane porosity and water permeability of the membranes were dependent on the diffusivity of solvent and non-solvent used.

Initially known amount of zeolite was uniformly dispersed in N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) using ultrasonication for 2 h at 30°C. 3 g of PVC polymer was then added to the solution with stirring at ambient temperature for 1-2 hours and left undisturbed for few hours to result bubble free homogenous polymer solution. This solution was further cast on a glass plate and kept in oven maintained at60°C for 48h to produce dense membrane. This method of producing dense membrane is termed as “solution casting and solvent evaporative

Marcela Ramirez-Campos Y et al reported that the effect of formulation variables on verapamil hydrochloride release from hydrated HPMC matrices, among different variables that influence drug release from hydrated hydrophilic matrices, the polymer proportion, the drug dose and the matrix pH can be included. The release profiles showed zero order kinetics for drug dissolution proportions up to 70%.The increase of the matrix pH from 5.0 to 8.0 increased the release rate. The effect of both pH and drug load becomes lesser as the matrix polymer proportion increases from 5% to 15% w/w.

This product has strong antiperspirant and anti-staining prosperities, resulting in a universal appeal for the whole market. There is prospective for between 7.5% and 20% market share inside five years. Expected revenues inside five years are between $7.5M and $13M at a margin of around 50%. Development costs are low at less then $500k. However, at the higher end of the market share in 3 to 4 years, new plant will be required to meet scale at the cost of $6M. To meet potential low price scenarios, the current plan will be to expensive and automation will be required at the cost of $12M. Initial market testing is positive but not great.

In normal micelles, the hydrophobic hydrocarbon chains of the surfactants are directed toward the internal of the micelle, and the hydrophilic groups of the surfactants are in contact with the surrounding aqueous middle. Above the cmc, the physical state of the surfactant molecules changes significantly, and extra surfactant exists as aggregates or micelles. The bulk attributes of the surfactant change around the cmc, such as osmotic pressure, turbidity, solubilization, surface tension, conductivity, and selfdiffusion. On the other hand, reverse micelles are formed in nonaqueous medium where

A look at the history of polymers reveals that many of the first discoveries were accidental. Since these discoveries, a whole new area of chemistry

In the first DEB that is applied for patent by Amundson et al., the drug is loaded in form of microcapsules or polymer coated microcapsules and this incorporated into the viscous matrix and applied

Cosmetics have been used for thousands of years to enhance the visual appearance of people, either through ritualistic or aesthetic motivations. With the turn of the 20th Century, the growing trend of the film industry caused an uprising in the commercialism of cosmetic products. This coincided with the increasing development in the chemistry industry, to accommodate the multi-billion dollar industry which is present today. Previously, cosmetics were extracted out of natural resources such as minerals and natural plants, however it became necessary to synthetically produce some components included in cosmetics to accommodate the major increase in product demand (Polymer Solutions, 2014). Polymers are the second largest class of ingredients in the cosmetic industry (Lochhead, 2016).

Initially developed and patented by L’Oréal in mid past 1970’s (10). Niosome entered the market of the cosmetics offering various advantages. “Niosome” introduced in 1987 (11) by Lancôme. Van Hal et al. reported that niosome encapsulated estradiol can be delivered through the stratum corneum, which is known to be a highly impermeable protective barrier (12, 18). Due to the high chemical stability of the surfactant as compared to the phospholipid and no requirement of special preparation and storage conditions is an advantage over the liposomes , which results in low manufacturing costs and reduced purity problems(13). Use of novel surfactant (bola surfactant) for making niosomes has been found effective for percutaneous drug delivery application as well as non-toxic (14). Upon the application of heat or agitation niosomes attain a closed bilayer structure (14). The inner aqueous core of the niosome could be used for delivery of the various hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs such as NSAIDS, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective agents and other classes of drug which offers the biggest advantage of enhancing the transdermal drug delivery (15, 16, and