Watson's Theory of Human Caring

622). In this correctional institution, the nurses ensure that the prescribed medications are taken at the clinic to ensure that inmates don’t illegally sell the prescribed medication to other inmates. In addition, the nurses stores the medical supplies that can be a safety threat to the environment in a safe area, so the inmates has no access to them. In addition, Nies and McEwen (2015) has stated that “the nurses must maintain an escape route to use if a situation of personal violence is imminent” (p. 622). When the nurses are providing care to the inmates, the door were never closed to ensure that there is an escape route. Also, there is a correctional officer sitting right at the entrance to maintain security within the health care clinic and oversee the safety of the health care providers and

6. Systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process, becomes: "creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices" (p. 469).

Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring has six explicit assumptions. The first assumption is, ontological assumptions emphasizing on the oneness or the connectedness of the human beings. The nurse’s experiences and values are key points to the first assumption. The second is an epistemological assumption which states that there are many ways of knowing. This includes topics as oneself and patients to abstract topics and concepts in nursing. The third assumption mentions that there are diverse methods of knowing and that the collection of information is in various forms. This includes learning about cultures, talking to patients etc. The fourth assumption makes the diverse perspectives explicit in the caring model.

During her doctoral time at University of Colorado, she was approached by her chairperson, Dr. Jean Watson, who wanted her to explore what it was like for a woman to miscarry from the perception of the woman being cared for. In 1991, she conducted several studies and multiple interviews

Maeve and Vaughn (2001) also state that a prison facility necessitates more self-awareness by nursing staff to provide ethical care since prisons are society’s way of punishing, serving justice, and deterring crime. Nel Noddings (1984) described two types of caring that nurses utilize. Natural caring is something that is innate to most. We learned how to care by being cared for. Ethical caring requires intention to operate with compassion despite the individual or circumstances. Maeve and Vaughn (2001) propose that correctional nurses often operate under ethical caring in order to overcome the obstacles faced due to an offender’s behavior or crime. Some of the ethical dilemmas Maeve and Vaughn described that nurses will face in correctional settings are: carrying out the death penalty; providing client confidentiality during exams and discussing diagnosis; inappropriate use of chemical restraints for security rather than medicinal purposes; working with underqualified medical personnel; providing care for offenders who are violent or have an addiction or mental illness; planning/referring offenders for appropriate care once released; caring for incarcerated mothers; and

According to Fawcett and DeSanto-Madeya (2013), Watson’s Theory of Human Caring can be categorized as a middle- range theory due to its focus on the relation between use of the clinical caritas processes and the building of a transpersonal caring relationship within the context of caring occasion and caring consciousness. Theory of Human Caring honors the unity of the whole human being, while also attending to creating a healing environment (Watson, 2006). Caring is acknowledged as transpersonal, in that it goes beyond the ego-oriented human; it involves the one caring as well as the care receiver, and is mutual, intersubjective, and reciprocal (Watson, 2006). The integrity and usefulness of the theory will be evaluated based on Fawcett’s (2005) criteria. Why it can be argued that the Theory of Human Caring meet the Fawcett’s evaluation criteria, there is evidence of confusion and lack of simplicity.

Imogene King was born in 1921in Iowa. Growing up, she dreamed of being a teacher but began nursing school to escape her small town life. She graduated with a diploma in nursing in 1945, then three years later earned a Bachelor of Science in Nursing Education and worked as medical-surgical instructor and an assistant director at St. John’s School of Nursing until 1958, fulfilling her lifelong dream of being a teacher wither nursing career. She went on to earn a Master of Science in Nursing in 1957 and a doctorate in education in 1961 (Imogene King, 2011). King then became an associate professor at Loyola University in Chicago and formed a master’s degree program that was based on her nursing concepts, which later became the framework for her theory.

The authors stated that since they were seeking to t develop a theory of patient advocacy for guidance of nursing research they did not include borderline related, contrary , invented or illegitimate cases. From the above, the authors arrived at three core attributes: 1) safeguarding patients’ autonomy; 2) acting on behalf of patients and 3) championing social justice in the provision of healthcare. It is these core attributes that will be applied to the clinical practice of correctional nursing.

Her drive and passion for nursing helped shape the standards at which the profession has come to expect and continues to

Having poor heath care within the prison system is something that is very dangerous. It can lead to things such as accidental deaths, worsening pre-existing conditions, and conditions occurring that could have been prevented if the proper care was

Since its establishment as a profession more than a century ago, Nursing has been a source for numerous debates related to its course, methods and development of nursing knowledge. Many nursing definitions and theories have evolved over time. Furthermore it is in a constant process of being redefined.

Born in West Virginia theorist Jean Watson has had a very distinguished career, as a nurse educator and researcher in the area of “human caring and loss” (Nursing Theories, 2012, p.1). Beginning her education with a BSN from University of

Imogene King was not only involved in nursing for 60 years, but she was a leader in nursing right from her start in the diploma program at St. John’s Hospital School of Nursing, St. Louis, Missouri. King saw nursing as a challenge. She credits her Jesuit education, her perception of personal

Throughout the history of nursing, nursing has evolved over time due to the impact of many women. These women have made a path that has both encouraged generations to follow in their footsteps, but also allow the best outcomes for them. Sister M. Berenice Beck’s greatest contributions to nursing were the development of the Code of Ethics and becoming the first female PhD and dean of nursing.

6) Caring is more healthogenic than is curing. A science of caring is complementary to the science of curing.