Waves of Feminisms in Relation to the Female Characters of the House of the Spirits

In this essay, female oppression in La Casa de Bernarda Alba will be discussed and analyzed. However, in order to be able to understand the importance of this theme and the impact it has had on the play, one must first understand the role of female oppression in the Spanish society in the 1930s.

Through countless stories and the motif of women sitting by windows, Cisneros ratifies how draining it is to be an average woman in Esperanza's community. In The House on Mango Street, women by windows depict women trapped by their families, specifically their husbands, maturing into a disturbing image that portrays the failure to be an individual that makes her own decisions. In the vignette “Rafaela Who Drinks Coconut and Papaya Juice on Tuesdays,” the author tells of a woman who is “too beautiful to look at,” saying, “Rafaela who … wishes there were sweeter drinks, not bitter like an empty room, but sweet sweet like the island, like the dance hall down the street where women much older than her throw green eyes easily like dice and open homes with keys” (Cisneros 80). Rafaela is yearning to be able to leave her home like the women she envies. She compares the bitterness of her fruit drinks to the desolation and seclusion of the house, and wishes the drinks were sweeter, expressing her looking out the window and longing for something more in life, like the fortunate few women in her community have. A character Esperanza knows named Sally has received abuse from her father, and when she gets married, Esperanza says, “She says she is in love, but I think she did it to escape” (Cisneros 101) and, “She sits at home because she is afraid to go outside without his permission” (Cisneros 102). Sally tried to get away from her father’s physical abuse, but in doing so, she is now living the life of a woman by the window, a

“Beautiful and Cruel” marks the beginning of Esperanza’s “own quiet war” against machismo (Hispanic culture powered by men). She refuses to neither tame herself nor wait for a husband, and this rebellion is reflected in her leaving the “table like a man, without putting back the chair or picking up the plate (Cisneros 89).” Cisneros gives Esperanza a self-empowered voice and a desire for personal possessions, thing that she can call her own: Esperanza’s “power is her own (Cisneros 89).” Cisneros discusses two important themes: maintaining one’s own power and challenging the cultural and social expectations one is supposed to fulfill. Esperanza’s mission to create her own identity is manifest by her decision to not “lay (her) neck on the threshold waiting for the ball and chain (Cisneros 88).” Cisneros’ rough language and violent images of self-bondage reveal the contempt with which Esperanza views many of her peers whose only goal is to become a wife. To learn how to guard her power

. . [with] a literature that doesn’t invent history or try to explain the world solely through reason, but also seeks knowledge through feelings and imagination." (Allende, "Writing" 45). In opposition to her domineering husband Esteban Trueba, Clara invites into her home the hungry and the poor whose poverty is maintained by the country's Conservative Party and dictator. As matriarch, Clara offers these silenced groups of people food, shelter, and companionship, nourishing the human spirit of the poor and the eccentrics

Women’s Escape into Misery Women’s need for male support and their husband’s constant degradation of them was a recurring theme in the book House on Mango Street. Many of Esperanza’s stories were about women’s dreams of marrying, the perfect husband and having the perfect family and home. Sally, Rafaela, and Minerva are women who gave me the impression of [damsel’s in distress].CLICHÉ, it’s ok though. It’s relevant They wished for a man to sweep them of their feet and rescue them from their present misery. These characters are inspiring and strong but they are unable to escape the repression of the surrounding environment. *Cisneros presents a rigid world in which they lived in, and left them no other hope but to get married.

A life in the city of Seguin, Texas was not as easy as Cleofilas, the protagonist of the story thought it would be. The author, Cisneros describes the life women went through as a Latino wife through Cleofilas. Luckily, Cisneros is a Mexican-American herself and had provided the opportunity to see what life is like from two window of the different cultures. Also, it allowed her to write the story from a woman’s point of view, painting a vision of the types of problems many women went through as a Latino housewife. This allows readers to analyze the characters and events using a feminist critical view. In the short story “Women Hollering Creek” Sandra Cineros portrays the theme of expectation versus reality not only through cleofilas’s thoughts but also through her marriage and television in order to display how the hardship of women in a patriarchal society can destroy a woman’s life.

Many gender roles and themes are observed, throughout the course of this story, in particular, the single mother role. Women are also contrasted with the men as their lives are constrained inside of the home while the men are permitted to enjoy life outside. Divisions in gender are revealed from the very beginning of the book. For example, in “Boys & Girls,” Esperanza communicates the contrast between herself and her brothers, Kiki and Carlos as she states, “The boys and the girls live in separate worlds. The boys in their universe and we in ours. My brothers for example. They’ve got plenty to say to me and Nenny inside the house. But outside they can’t be seen talking to girls” (Cisneros 8). Esperanza can only interact with her sister, Nenny, but Nenny is "too young to be [her] friend" (Cisneros 8). Esperanza is lonely and dreams of a true friend. She feels that she is like "a red balloon, a balloon that is tied to an anchor" (Cisneros 9). Esperanza is apprehensive that she will be trapped on Mango Street, like all the other women. This particular situation demonstrates the first indication of gender issues in her community.

Women cannot have rights, women are objects. In the midst of the Trujillo Era, women in the States were fighting to be more than a man’s play thing. More than a man’s sex doll. In the recently published novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, author Junot Diaz over objectifies women in an era where women are fighting for equal rights just across the ocean. The novel is later set in a more modern time period where stereotypes can be broken. The relationship between mother and daughter serves as an example for the differing mindset two generations can have on a specific topic but also how similar they can be. Diaz’s novel breaks the mold for many of the typical stereotypes; the guapo Dominican male, the sexual women, the nerd. Through techniques like tone and diction, Diaz

It is Clara, to a great degree, that defines her husband, in the same way that privileged power can only be seen as such by juxtaposing it with its opposite. It is no accident that Clara symbolizes humanitarian ideals. From her encounters with the spirits to the charity work she does, Clara proves that her concerns are with people (both alive and dead) and not with acquiring and maintaining social, political or economic superiority.

It provides vivid details about women’s lives such as court cases, daily life, and sexual harassment, which gives essential knowledge when studying women and their social status according to ethnicity, race, and kinship within Colonial Latin America. It also reveals the tensions between different races. For example, Jose de Alfaro stated, “Dona Theresa, using the pretext that my wife had brushed against her, which was not true, sprung forward, saying to her, ‘Oh, you black whore, you dare to brush against me.’ And throwing her to the ground, not only Dona Theresa, but also her daughter, her sister, and the woman who was deposited with them and was in their company, hit her [Josefa] many times.”

It was that simple” (Cisneros 96). Cisneros’ choice to use the word “simple” to describe the amount of thinking it took for Sally to agree to the offer, allows readers to understand the impact of the superiority of men in their society. A mans ability to manipulate a women is “simple,” because society gives all the power to the men, therefore men can control women. Consequently, women cannot achieve autonomy because they are constantly controlled by men and think that they need a man to save them, but they will end up being controlled by that man and in turn give up all their power. Without a positive role model to help the women believe that autonomy is achievable, the Latino women in Mango Street think that they need a man to take care of them which allows readers to understand that women in male-dominated societies are easily manipulated through their desire to have a man which denies them from achieving autonomy.

The definition of feminism is very elusive. Maybe because of its ever-changing historical meaning, it’s not for certain whether there is any coherence to the term feminism or if there is a definition that will live up to the movement’s variety of adherents and ideas. In the book “No Turning Back,” author Estelle Freedman gives an accurate four-part definition of the very active movement: “Feminism is a belief that women and men are inherently part of equal worth. Because most societies privilege men as a group, social movements are necessary to achieve equality between women and men, with the understanding that gender always intersects with other social hierarchies” (Freedman 7).

Feminism is an ideology which permeates cultures around the world. It is the broad term for political issues, ideas, and movements that emphasize the pursuit of equality among the sexes. Every culture has their own climates and challenges pertaining to how women are perceived in a particular society. Historically, Hispanic cultures have had very clearly defined gender roles which were not easily strayed from. To break from these traditional gender roles would be an offense to the very foundation of the culture and in turn many women felt that there was no alternatives.

The idea of “Feminism” is seen in the eyes of many as “women who want to be more masculine” whenever its true meaning is just women who want equality and the same respect and opportunities that men have. This belief has been built up over time through many different perspectives which is why it had turned into the negative idea of what it is. This idea of “Feminism” affected the social hierarchy and system where people were categorized based upon their sex and the social impact it made created and resolved multiple social issues. The idea of “Feminism” impacted the interactions between men and women and the morals of society and through this created power in women as well introduce a long needed new peace amongst the sexes.

At the end of Act II we see a young woman in the village that had had