Week5Homework

The company’s leverage ratio is 28% - 72% of its assets are financed by common equity and the company was profitable in the last reporting period. The company should easily raise additional funds from creditors and a convertible debenture will be an appealing venture for creditors who would want to purchase stocks of the company in the future.

* If the contract were to require new fixed costs in addition to variable costs at 10 % the total Margin cost would be $ 79,524 which would be a substantial increase of $8,056 from question 1

Convertibles are appealing to investors who are looking for an investment with greater growth potential than that offered by a traditional bond. By purchasing a convertible bond, the investor can still receive

o Cost of debt in this case is 12.5% though MCI can raise $ 100 million more with this option in comparison to option (a) above. Servicing this debt would be a significant drain on the cash flow. o Please see Exhibit 3. (c) $600 million Convertible offering @ 7.625% 20 year with conversion at 54 per share o Using this option MCI can raise $ 100 million more than option (b) at 4.88% lower rate of interest. It also gives MCI an option to convert it to equity once the stock price reaches 54 (it is currently 47). Based on previous convertible offerings (As per exhibit 6 of case, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1982), MCI has been converting it to equity within 18 months because of its high growth. As higher growth is projected for the next few years (Exhibit 9 of case), MCI is expected to convert this $600 million offering to equity, thereby reducing its leverage. o This option allows to finance its current activities and match capital inflows with expected investment outlays in the near future. It also allows MCI the option to eliminate the cash flow drain from servicing the debt once the stock price increases. o As per Exhibit 3 attached here, this offering will provide capital to meet the external financing needs for 1983.

The issuance of convertible debt will result in even more cash holdings for Intel, an additional $1 billion. This, at face value, does not solve Intel’s capital structure dilemma of having too much cash. However, Intel can afford to incur more debt financing, since it has relatively low long-term debt. By doing so, its long term debt ratio (using 1991 figure) would change to:

* b.Assume the firm’s stock now sells for $20 per share. The company wants to sell some 20-year, $1,000 par value bonds with interest paid annually. Each bond will have attached 50 warrants, each exercisable into 1 share of stock at an exercise price of $25. The firm’s straight bonds yield 12%. Assume that each warrant will have a market value of $3 when the stock sells at $20. What coupon interest rate, and dollar coupon, must the company set on the bonds with warrants if they are to clear the market? (Hint: The convertible bond should have an initial price of $1,000.)

Bonds are a debt investment, meaning the purchaser of the bond is loaning money to the company or government for a set period. They have a fixed interest rate, meaning the investor knows how much interest will be earned on the loan since the rate will not change.

Spot deferred contract has some characteristics of forward sale but is more flexible since the SEC sellers have a choice when to deliver the gold. Though the threshold for this vehicle to hedge risk is very high, only for companies in good shape in terms of reserves, costs and leverage, American Barrick’s excellence qualifies it to implement this vehicle. We regard it a salutary vehicle, to the effect of which the gradually increasing use of it in American Barrick

There are three main reasons why a corporation may be interested in calling a bond.

Based on the 1988 Supreme Court case of Corn Product Refining Co. v. Commissioner (350 U.S. 46; 76 S.Ct. 20; 100 L.Ed. 29), hedging transactions were determined to be used to support business practices of certain commodities. Such hedging transactions are normal for businesses engaged in commodity sales such as coal or corn to protect against market

In 2006, Merrill Lynch became the lead book runner for a $5 billion convertible bond issue for MoGen, Inc. This was the single, largest convertible bond issuance in history and required a considerable amount of effort on the part of Merrill Lynch’s Equity Derivatives Group to convince MoGen’s management to choose Merrill Lynch over its competitors. The case is focused on Merrill Lynch’s choice of the conversion premium and coupon rate to propose to MoGen management. This pricing decision requires students understand the concept of valuing a convertible as the sum of a straight bond plus the conversion option. Valuing the conversion option as a call option requires the

The advantage to choosing a convertible bond for financing is that "they provide issuers with ‘cheap' debt and allow them to sell equity at a premium over current value". Jen, Choi, Lee (1997).

•Yan, A., Nandy, D., and Chemmanur, T. "Why issue mandatory convertibles? Theory and empirical evidence, February (2003) Retrieved on 18.3.2008 (http://ideas.repec.org/p/ecm/nawm04/456.html)•http://www.investorwords.com/5362/yield.html. 18/3/2008.

Though bonds provide such safety, their yields are very low and have little potential for capital appreciation in the long-run for both the issuer and receiver. Besides, the low interest-rate of bonds makes the return on holding cash virtually non-existent (Voya & Scotia, 2009). Convertible bonds, however, offer a middle ground between the safety of bonds and the upside potential, and risk, of stocks. For this firm seeking income, higher-yielding convertibles bonds are the right options they can explore. This allows for the downside protection of a

According to Goel and Gutierrez, they investigated that fluctuating procurement price is one of the causes of inventory risk and through trading appropriate numbers of futures or forward commodity contracts reduces inventory related costs for effective hedging. Hedging and the price discovery functions of futures markets facilitates not only a better inventory management but enhances the efficiency of marketing operations, production and storage.