Weekly Article On Photosynthesis

They require the products of the light-dependent reactions to function. The light-independent molecules use ATP and NADPH to energize the making of new carbohydrate molecules. After the energy is transferred, the carrier molecules return to the light-dependent reactions to obtain more energized electrons and the process starts all over again.

The light reactions also generate ATP by using chemiosmosis through a process called photosphorylation. The light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of two compounds, which are NADPH and ATP. The Calvin cycle occurs with the incorporation of carbon dioxide into organic molecules in carbon fixation. In this process, the fixed carbon is reduced with electrons provided by NADPH. The Calvin cycle takes place during daylight hours, in which the NADPH and ATP can be provided. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma, while the light reactions occur in the thylakoids.

The leaves of a plant are the main photosynthetic organs and are involved in gas exchange and water transportation throughout a plant (Evans et al, 17). A leaf typically consists of an upper and lower epidermis, the mesophyll cells, veins, guard cells and stomata. The mesophyll cells contains spongey cells which have large gaps between each cell to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide circulation. The mesophyll cells contain palisade cells, which are located beneath the upper epidermis. The palisade cells contain many chloroplasts, which are green organelles. Located in the internal layers of chloroplasts is the pigment chlorophyll which is involved in trapping the light energy in photosynthesis (Evans et al, 17).

In photosynthesis H+ ions are vital in the production of the energy source that is ATP, which is used in several metabolic processes, such as respiration. The photolysis of water produces H+ ions, electrons and O2. The excited electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain, this energy is used to transport the H+ ions (protons) in to the thylakoid, which causes a higher concentration of H+ than there is in the stroma, thus causing a proton gradient across the membrane. The H+ then proceed to move down the concentration gradient into the stroma via the enzyme ATP synthase. The energy from this process is called chemiosmosis and combines ADP with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. Light energy is then absorbed by photosystem I (PS I) which excites the electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons are transferred to NADP with H+ ions from the stroma to form reduced NADP. The whole of this process is

Photosynthesis is a vital process that requires to utilize energy for plants. This experiment was done to evaluate the effects of carbon availability on photosynthetic activity. The aquatic plant Elodea densa was placed into sodium bicarbonate solutions of five concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1.0%, in five independent trials (excluding the negative control treatment of water). The temperature and light intensity was constant. The results indicated a directly proportional relationship between the availability of carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis of Elodea Densa, as photosynthesis continued to increase with increasing amounts of bicarbonate. The most O2 amount of oxygen produced was with the 0.7% NaHCO3 concentration and least with the control of water. The null hypothesis that stated carbon concentration does not affect rate of photosynthesis of the aquatic plant was rejected. The predicted hypothesis that an increase in bicarbonate concentrations results in an increase in the photosynthetic rate was accepted. In conclusion, there is a significant increase in photosynthetic activity as the concentration of NaHCO3 increases.

In light reactions, light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane and energizes the electrons. ATP is created from ADP and P. NADP accepts electrons and turns in to NADPH, which is energy. Once the light reactions have taken place, the light-independent, or ‘dark’ reaction occurs in the stroma, where CO2 is converted to sugar. The

The enzyme behind this life-changing innovation is Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, better known as Rubisco. Rubisco is involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, a process by which atmospheric CO2 is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules. In chemical terms, rubisco catalyzes the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (also known as RuBP) (“Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate”). This begins three rounds of a cyclical series of reactions in which three CO2 molecules are converted into a compound called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is converted into various nutrients. RuBP is replenished at the end of each cycle. The used up ATP and NADPH are converted to ADP and NADP+, respectively, which are used for the light-dependent reactions (Cranford).

The light-dependent reactions produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+ into energy and NADHP. The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid.

ATP and NADPH are produced in light dependent reactions. These products are used to fuel

All plants have tiny pore like structures called stomata (singular, stoma). When carbon dioxide enters a leaf, oxygen then escapes through the stomata. Each stoma is surrounded by guard cells in the leaf’s epidermis layer (Reece, et al. 109). Photosynthesis is the process in which plants gain their energy and nutrients. Solar energy is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars. Oxygen is then released as a by-product of this process. When the time is right, the stomata open and allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and later the release of water and oxygen takes place. If the stomata are closed, this means that the plant is actively holding its water (Reece, et al. 109). As humans, we benefit greatly

In order to convert ADP into ATP the electron transport chain must use the high-energy electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Oxygen is the last electron acceptor of the electron transport chain and is crucial for getting rid of low energy electrons and hydrogen ions, which are the wastes left from cellular respiration. With out oxygen, the electron transport chain would be unable to function. In the process of the electron transport, H+ ions build up in the inter membrane which creates a positively charged similar to the matrix. The cell uses a process, chemiosmosis that produces ATP, similar to photosynthesis. Each time a combination of high-energy electrons move down the electron transport chain, that energy is used to move H+ ions to the other side of the membrane. In total, glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain release around 36 molecules of ATP per molecule

This lab was called photosynthesis: understanding photosynthesis. It is a highly complex process that needs to be broken down in many steps to understand how it works. This lab covers the big components in photosynthesis including carbon dioxide intake, light consumption, and varying pigmentation.

Without photosynthesis we would not be able to receive energy. We should be more appreciate of plants, without them we would not survive. This paper will explain the basic components require for photosynthesis, the role of chlorophyll, how energy is transferred, and photosystems I and II and the most precious product results of photosynthesis.

The surface of the leaf is uniformly coated with a water-resistant waxy cuticle that protects the leaf from excessive absorption of light and evaporation of water. The transparent, colourless epidermis layer allows light to pass through to the mesophyll cells where most of the photosynthesis takes place.

This study aimed to isolate prospective beneficial endophytic fungi from its host extreme hot desert plant and investigate their potential roles in heat stress tolerance under field conditions.