What´s Liver Structure?

The endoplasmic reticulum is specialised for protein processing and lipid biosynthesis. One of its primary functions is to regulate the ionic concentration in the cytoplasm via the movement of Ca2+, via ionic pumps and channels. It also contains enzymes responsible for the metabolising of drugs. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can come in two forms. As depicted in Fig. 2 Rough ER has ribosomes present as part of the membrane of the organelle, and together with these ribosomes takes polypeptides and amino acids from the cytosol and synthesises proteins destined for attachment to cell membranes. It is in the lumen of the rough ER that the proteins are folded into the specific three dimensional shapes that are so important for biochemical recognition and linking sites [6]. It is called rough because of the presence of ribosomes makes the surface of the membrane look rough, unlike smooth ER, which lacks the ribosomes so the membrane looks smooth. Rough ER is composed of a large but convoluted flattened sac. The main function of the smooth ER is the production of lipids and the metabolism of compounds (such as the breakdown of glycogen into glucose). Because of the different functions between the rough and smooth ER, different specialised cells will have different amounts of each; for example, hepatic

Glucagon acts on liver cells to promote breakdown of glycogen into glucose and formation of glucose from lactic acid and certain amino acids.

Hepatocytes are involved in synthesizing proteins, cholesterol, bile salts, fibrinogen, phospholipids and glycoproteins. Additionally, hepatocytes ensure that our

The liver’s job is to produce bile, and in return the job of the bile is to emulsify or break down the large amounts of fat, which will assist the body in digesting the remaining food easier (Guyton & Hall, 2011). The next stage is metabolism. The digestive systems job is to metabolize and break down the needed energy for the body and to send the excess wastes to go through detoxification (Guyton & Hall, 2011). As the blood circulates through the portal vein, toxins are removed, to prevent a rise in ammonia levels (Guyton & Hall, 2011). Once all wastes have been removed, the needed vitamins and nutritional needs are stored in the tissues in the body (Guyton & Hall, 2011). The next stage is the production of prothrombin and fibrinogen for coagulation and finally the immunity is for the Kupffer cells to attack and

The expression of Notch1 and Notch2 in HSCs is shown to be important for their response to endothelial – derived maintenance factor.

Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of normal, healthy liver tissue by fibrotic scar tissue, blocking the flow of blood through the organ and preventing it from working as it should, as well as regenerative nodules leading to progressive loss of liver function. The liver, the largest organ in the body, is vital in keeping the body functioning properly. It removes or neutralizes poisons from the blood, produces immune agents to control infection, and removes germs and bacteria from the blood. It

Medications taking into account hESCs have been moderate nearing in view of debate over their source and apprehensions that they could transform into tumors once if it been implanted. They have gigantic potential on the grounds that hESCs can be developed into any of the body's 200 tissue types, dissimilar to the stems cells confined from grown-up tissues that have for the most part been utilized as a part of medications until the present date.

These cells are also responsible for the regenerative capabilities of the liver. Specialized macrophages, called Kupffer cells, also inhabit the liver. These cells are capable of filtering bacteria and toxins from the blood. Kupffer cell activation is also responsible for early alcohol induced liver injury. In a cirrhotic liver these cells are replaced by scar tissue. Some of the damaged cells in the liver continue to divide and form nodules. This restricts blood supply and greatly reduces liver function. (Kasper, 2008)

Phagocytes secrete inflammatory molecules in response to chemicals released by damaged tissue cells, and activate B and T lymphocytes. These changes result in the activation and differentiation of MSCs into the injury site. Alongside inflammatory molecules, MSCs will then produce growth factors. These growth factors then activate endothelial cells and fibroblasts that enhance angiogenesis, inhibit leukocytes, and stimulate further stem cell differentiation. This secretion of growth factors may be the root of the regenerative abilities of MSCs, even if they do not differentiate. (Van de Walle,

The liver is a key organ when it comes to making the body function properly (National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, 2003). As the second largest organ the body has, next to the skin, it serves many purposes. It produces immune agents to control infections, removes germs, bacteria and poisons from the blood, and it makes proteins that produce bile and keep

Some of the important functions of the liver are, to produce bile to break down fats and

Cirrhotic liver has reduced ability to store and release glycogen. Glycogen is used to provide

Chronic liver diseases and liver biopsy. Chronic liver diseases encompass many different causes, including viral infections, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol abuse, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary hemochromatosis, and autoimmune disease. All of these precipitate chronic damage to the liver via necroinflammation and subsequent cellular injury and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins distorting the hepatic architecture by forming hepatic fibrosis with abnormal collagen deposition. Without treatment, the eventual development of cirrhosis (the end stage of fibrosis) can accelerate to hepatocellular dysfunction, hepatic insufficiency, portal hypertension, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), thus

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the liver,also it is known to be the fifth most common cancer and third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide (1,2).HCC is a hypervascular tumor that mostly occurs in the settings of liver cirrhosis,and one of the leading causes of death in patients with cirrhosis.

The liver is an unusual organ because nearly every one of its cells is exactly alike. The working cells of the liver are known as hepatocytes. Hepatocytes have a unique capacity to reproduce in response to liver injury. Liver regeneration can occur after surgical removal of a portion of the liver (hepatectomy) or after injuries that destroy parts of the liver. And this regeneration can adjust its size to match its host. Within a week after partial hepatectomy, hepatic mass is back essentially to what it was prior to surgery.