What Are B Cells?

The immune system is made up of several types of cells that work together to fight infections. Lymph cells (called lymphocytes) are the main type of cell in the adaptive immune system. There are 2 types of lymph cells: T cells and B cells. When B cells respond to an infection, they change into plasma cells. The plasma cells are found mainly in the bone marrow—the soft, inner part of some bones. The plasma cells

The lymphoid tissues are placed specifically to intercept any invading pathogen which could result in

B-cells develop from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, which give rise to lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These stem cells have become Pro-B cells when they have begun to express B-cell marker proteins such as CD34 and rearrange the genes that code for the

The organs that make up the lymphatic and immune system are the tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels. White blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), plasma, and platelets (thrombocytes) make up the blood. Lymphocytes are leukocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight off diseases. Two types of lymphocytes are B cells and T cells. Lymphocytes recognize antigens, or foreign substances/matter, in the body. Lymphocytes are a classification of agranulocytes, or cells (-cytes) without (a-) granules (granul/o) in the cytoplasm. B cells are created from stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow. B cells respond to antigens by becoming plasma cells. These plasma cells then create antibodies. Memory B cells produce a stronger response with the next exposure to the antigen. B cells fight off infection and bacteria while T cells defend against viruses and cancer cells. A hormone created by the thymus gland called thymosin changes lymphocytes into T cells. The thymus gland is active when you are a child and slowly shrinks, as you get older. T cells bind to the antigens on the cells and directly attack them. T cells secrete lymphokines that increase T cell production and directly kill cells with antigens. There are three types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and memory T cells.

Monoclonal Mouse anti-human CD20 reacts with an antigen which is a very useful marker for normal and neoplastic B cells. The B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 causes B-cells to stain brown in the IHC practice, intrafollicular B-cell presence is most notable, however cells stained brown are also present in the interfollicular zone.

The lymphoid tissues and organs are the basis of our immune system that helps us fight infections and is our body’s defense against disease. Essential lymphoid organs are the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are along the lymphatic vessels located throughout the body in clusters, especially in the armpit, neck, chest, abdomen and groin areas and are sources of immune cells that help fight disease and infection (2015). Our body contains about 500-600 relatively small lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are encased by a fibrous capsule, which surrounds the cortex and medulla. The outer layer of the cortex is packed with B cells that assist with humoral immunity. The inner layer contains T cells that play a role in cell-mediated immunity and are also known

The spleen is located between the stomach and the diaphragm in the left hypochondriac region of the abdominal body cavity.

Lymph organs include bone marrow, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus. Bone marrow contains a tissue which produces lymphocytes. B- lymphocytes (B-cells) mature in the bone marrow. T- lymphocytes (T-cells) mature in the thymus gland. Other blood cells include monocytes and leukocytes which are produced in the bone marrow. B-cells use chemicals to remember the structure of previous encountered pathogens to try and prevent the pathogens from effecting the body again. T-cells surround pathogens and destroy them to stop any harm on the body. This is called immunity. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell. The function of macrophage is to engulf unwanted particles. A macrophage uses the process called phagocytes to destroy and get rid of

Lymphoma is when cells in the lymph system change and grow uncontrollably that may form a tumor. In the lymph system there are thin tubes that branch out to all different parts of the body ("Types of Cancer: Lymphoma"). Its job is to fight infections and diseases. In the lymph system it carries lymph which is colorless fluid containing lymphocytes that are white blood cells. The main job of a lymphocyte is to fight of germs in the body. Two main lymphocytes are B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes also called B-cells make antibodies to fight off bacteria and T-lymphocytes kill viruses, foreign cells and triggers B-cells to make antibodies ("Types of Cancer: Lymphoma"). In different areas of the lymph systems

Naïve B lymphocytes express two classes of membrane bound antibodies, IgM and IgD that function as the receptor for antigens. These naïve B cells are activated by antigens. The activation of B lymphocytes results in the proliferation of antigen- specific cells, also called clonal expansion and their differentiation into effector cells that actively secrete antibodies. During their differentiation, some B cells may begin to produce antibodies of different heavy chain classes (or isotypes). This process is called heavy chain class (isotype) switching. Repeated exposure to a protein antigen results in the production of antibodies with increasing affinity for the antigen. This process is called affinity maturation and it lead to the production

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell, which are an important part of the immune system. Lymphocytes can defend the body against infection because they can distinguish the body’s own cells from foreign ones. Once they recognize foreign material in the body, they produce chemicals to destroy that material. Two types of lymphocyte are produced in the bone marrow before birth.

Introduction : B lymphocytes are the effectors of humoral immunity and provides defense against pathogens by producing antibody. B cells constitute approximately 15% of peripheral blood leukocytes and arise from progenitors and precursors in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes undergo random immunoglobulin variable gene rearrangements at the heavy and light chain loci. These chains pair with the Igα and Igβ polypeptides to form the mature B-cell receptor which is then transported onto the cell surface where it can bind antigen and signal inside the cell. Different populations of B cells result in pre immune pools where each cell in these quiescent populations expresses a B cell antigen receptor with a unique specificity. The BCRs come in contact with their specific antigen and generate several intracellular signals are which leads activation, differentiation, and formation of plasma cells and memory B cells. This process mediates the response to subsequent antigen challenges. B lymphocytes play an essential role by not only producing antibodies but also functioning as antigen-presenting cells and certain B cells can also negatively regulate the immune response by producing regulatory cytokines and directly interacting with pathogenic T cells via cell to cell contact. Newly generated immature B cells are selected to enter the peripheral mature B-cell pool only if they do

In humans, mature red blood cells are flexible biconcave disks that lack a cell nucleus and most organelles. 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second.[1] The cells

White blood cells, or leukocytes (also spelled "leucocytes"; from the Greek word leuko- meaning "white"), are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five[1] different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. They live for

Before a baby is born, the task of producing red blood cells rests with the spleen. As birth approaches, the spleen gradually stops doing this and allows the bone marrow to take over.