What Are Physicochemical Properties Of Your Drug?

Pharmaceutical scientists have to account for multiple properties when developing new drugs, and they need to understand what could affect different patients when developing these drugs. Solubility is one of these properties, and it is the ability of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent, and it is critical to absorption into the body. In drug discovery over the years, the number of insoluble drug candidates has increased recently, with almost 70% of new drug candidates showing poor water solubility.

Manufacturing theophylline formulations come with challenges for both the anhydrous and hydrate. For the anhydrous form, a study showed that the wet granulation of theophylline anhydrous in conjunction with microcrystalline cellulose, led to the formation of the monohydrate form of the drug. This is significant because the monohydrate has slower dissolution than the anhydrous form of theophylline. Thus the method of manufacture is highly important as the study showed directly compressed pellets had better dissolution profiles. Also it shows the importance of the choice of excipients as pellets manufactured via wet granulation in the absence of microcrystalline cellulose showed similar release to that of directly anhydrous theophylline.

According to an journal publication on the benefits of Theophylline “It is now apparent that patients taking theophylline may enjoy clinically important benefits in terms of functional status and quality of life, beyond simple bronchodiolation, as a result of theophylline's impact

Based on ¨Principles of Pharmacokinetics¨, ¨pharmacokinetics is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion¨ (Ratain 2003). In other words, the drug's pharmacokinetics determines the duration and the intensity of the effect on the body. Absorption rate can be affected by the drug itself, such as: rate of dissolution, lipid solubility, and route (VandeWaa 2016). The absorption process starts by the route of admission, in this case oral. The oral, or by mouth, route of administration for drugs is the most common. When a pill is taken by mouth, it travels down to the stomach, were most pills dissolve. While in the stomach, some kinds of pills are absorbed into the stomach lining, but some move on to the small intestine. Every pill eventually ends up in the bloodstream and circulate through the body to tissues and organs (Howell 2017). Once passive diffusion occurs, the cells absorb the molecules of the medicine. Then, the molecules of the medicine will exit the cells and travel in the bloodstream for the distribution process.

Pharmacokinetics: Oral dosing up to twelve hours for a majority of patients, also a 24-hour dosing interval for selected patients. Extended- release tablet for administered orally could contain up to 450mg.

There are many different types of pills that humans use for various reasons, and each one is designed to cure or contain a certain problem or pain. This form of medication is usually compacted in a small tablet, sometimes with a coating on top, and meant for the user to swallow as a whole without allowing it to dissolve before entering the stomach. However, considering that people seem to want the fastest relief possible that they can get from their bodily ailments, the research question of this experiment was: Which class of pills dissolve the fastest?

The zeta potential was determined and it was found to be -39.7 mV which indicates good physical stability. Stability studies carried out for a period of 9 weeks showed negligible changes in the characteristics of ethosomes and further the loss of drug is not more than 4 %. Hence it is concluded that a successful ethosomal formulation can be formulated for finasteride. Further this can be exploited commercially into a suitable drug

Each person has a unique and specific set of needs as each of us has a different composition that can react to medicines arbitrarily. Compounded medicines can answer a wide variety of medical problems that people often face with commercially manufactured medicines.

Drug content determined of different batch microcapsules by taking around 50mg of microcapsules in a mortar and microcapsules were crushed into powder by a pastel. 15mg of crushed powder were weighed by weighing box in an electronic balance and dissolved into 0.1N NaOH and make the volume upto 100ml. Then sonicate the solution for about an half an hour. The solution was diluted to 10 times by taking 5ml of the solution in a 50ml volumetric flask and added 0.1N NaOH up to the mark. The absorbance of these diluted samples were taken at 257nm wave length. Then 10mg standard was taken in a 100ml volumetric flask and added 0.1N NaOH upto the mark. The solution was diluted to 10times taking 5ml of the solution in a 50ml volumetric flask and added 0.1N NaOH upto the mark. The absorbance of the diluted solution was taken at 257nm wave length. From the standard preparation the corresponding concentration of thr absorbance was converted to the amount of drug present in 15mg of powder. Then the average percentage of the drug content was

Due to HPMC is a pH-independent polymer, it sustain the drug release by hydrating to form a gel layer at the surface of the tablet. Sodium alginate is a pH-dependent, when exposed to acidic in stomach; it will convert to insoluble alginic acid. By the way, the type and amount of polymer affected the release of drug. For both forms of tablets usually should be stored in tight, light-resistance container or amber glass at 15-25 oc. The shelf life is three years from the date of manufacturing. For capsule extended release oral contains 100mg, 120mg, 180mg, 200mg, 240mg, 300mg and 360mg of the active ingredient. These forms using the diffusion delivery system which are consists of controlled-release coated pellets enclosed in a hard gelatin capsule. Polymers can be using both water soluble and water-insoluble polymers. When exposed to water in GI tract, the soluble polymer will slowly dissolves, allow the drug to diffuse while the insoluble polymer act as barrier maintaining controlled release of the drug into GI tract. It should be stored in tight light-closed container at room temperature

In the first DEB that is applied for patent by Amundson et al., the drug is loaded in form of microcapsules or polymer coated microcapsules and this incorporated into the viscous matrix and applied

It has a molecular formula of (C17H18N3O3S)2Mg x 3 H2O and a molecular weight of 767.2 as a trihydrate. The magnesium salt contains 3 moles of water and is slightly soluble in water. The dosage form of Nexium is either in delayed-release capsules, which contain wither 20mg or 40mg of esomeprazole or delayed-released oral suspension which contain either 2.5mg, 5mg, 10mg, 20mg, or 40mg of esomeprazole. On the other hand, the active ingredient in Prilosec is omeprazole: 5-methoxy-2-[[(4-methoxy3, 5-dimethyl-2-pyridinyl) methyl] sulfinyl]-1H-benzimidazole with a molecular formula of C17H19N3O3S and a molecular weight of 345.42. Omeprazole is a weak base and is very soluble in ethanol and methanol but only slightly soluble in acetone, isopropanol and water. The dosage form for Prilosec is also a delayed-release capsule for oral administration or a delayed-release oral

There are brands and generics of a plethora of medicines. However, is one better than the other based on effectiveness is the most important? The dissolving rate is part of understanding how effective a drug can work. Even looking at the effect the medicine of pH of the stomach is vital.

The average time it took the tablets to dissolve were ninety two seconds for the whole tablet, eighty-one seconds for the four piece tablet, and fifty-one seconds for the powder. The results can be viewed in table 1 as well as the visual graph in figure 1.

Pharmaceutical formulations as prescription or over-the-counter medications are used to treat human and animal disease conditions (Thiele-Bruhn and Beck, 2005). Generally, drugs and other related compounds are biologically active and their molecular weights may range from 200 to 500 / 1000 Dalton. Currently, there is paucity of information on the total global administration of drugs to humans and animals. Despite the unavailability of data, sales in 2004 alone totaled $518 billion (Kümmerer, 2009). An increase to about $1.2 trillion by 2016 is expected due to the influence of merging markets, biologics and generics (IMS Health, 2012). Consequently, increased production, sales and ingestion of pharmaceutical chemicals (PHCs) may translate to higher residues in the environment. Typically, an ingested drug becomes metabolized and a part is excreted through urine and / or feces possibly in different forms. However, their removal during conventional wastewater treatments is inefficient because of their nature (Zuehlke et al., 2004; Daughton, 2007). Prescription (branded and non-branded) and over-the-counter medication are the major classifications of pharmaceutical products available to the United States (U.S.) population.