What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microfluidics?

Assuming no viscous forces present an inviscid model has been used for the calculations. Also from the equation of the Reynolds number Re=ρvl/μ due to Re being really big rearranging and assuming v and l to be constant the viscous force μ =ρvl/Re becomes negligible.

There is one specific branch of pharmacology that is used in the research which was Pharmacodynamics which looks at the effect of drugs on the human body. This is used because in the article the researchers are experimenting with the chip to see if it is a viable way to determine the right amount of medicine that should be given as to not overdose and cause damage to the kidneys.They specifically look at the damage caused by the two different methods of administering the antibiotic gentamicin to the microchip. The entire article focuses on the technology that would allow doctors to observe the effect of drugs on the kidneys to develop dosages so they would need to be able to understand Pharmacodynamics to calculate the dosages and also to come up with the different ways of administrating the drugs to find which is the best fit. Microfluidics is a science made up of a number of other sciences, chemistry, nanotechnology, biochemistry and more. The overall definition for this science is the field of study to create systems that process fluids to help in analyzing substances, sending signals and more. Microfluidics seen in this article because the chip used in the experiment is a microfluidic device because of it’s purpose and design. The chip is made to filter liquids, in this case it was the drug

ADE can be used to transfer a range of solvents with viscosity ranging from 0.3 to 10 centipoise. The technology is also capable of working with volatile liquids such as ethanol and acetone which have low viscosity and surface tension. The ADE technology can effectively transfer a range of solvents with varying viscosity effectively with low coefficient of variation (CV). The CV is as low as <8% when the plate has unknown water and/or DMSO compositions. Since transfer by ADE technology does not involve any physical contact, it minimizes the risk of contamination and/or cross-contamination. This technology also proves to be cost-effective in the long run because it does not involve the use of pipette tips. In conclusion, the Echo 550 using ADE technology is a very effective tool in the drug screening automation

1). In microfluidic flows, particles can migrate one place to another place streamlines to focus at specific position in micro channels because of the inertial forces that overused for high throughput, size based particle and separation of cell. In other words, migration of particles occurs because of the inertial lift forces. Existing of inertial microfluidics devices provide to good separation resolution. In contrast, the use of inertial microfluidics is limited by the large red blood cells and diluted blood samples. However, many researchers use high throughput blood separation as dean flow technique with CTCs isolation from blood. In this way, they may solve the dilution problem a little bit. Consequently, although many recent advances in inertial microfluidics, there is a still need new technologies that provide continuous, high throughput and purity of viable CTCs from large blood

Cell filtration is often necessary for diagnostic lab tests. One example of this is for cystic fibrosis patients. Individuals with cystic fibrosis often get lung infections due to the thick mucus in their lungs. In order to prescribe antibiotics for these lung infections, a bacterial culture needs to be performed, which requires bacterial samples to be separated from the thick mucus of sputum. Passive filtration is the most commonly used type of filtration in cell sorting for diagnostic purposes and extorts cells physical properties (Yoon et al., 2016). Dead end filtration is a form of passive filtration where the filtrate is added perpendicularly to the filter (Yoon et al., 2016). While dead end filtration is relatively easy to perform, larger particles can block the filter, stopping the flow of filtrate through the filter. This blockage problem causes dead end filtration to be underutilized (Mugnier, Howell, & Ruf, 2000). It has been shown that a cycle of forward and backward flushes can dislodge larger particles from the filter- allowing more of the smaller particles to rush through the filter pores (Smith, Vigneswaran, Ngo, Ben-Aim, & Nguyen, 2005)- but what percentage of backward flush is most efficient in a duty cycle with a constant amount

However, if concentrations of certain compounds differ enough between a healthy and diseased state, EBC analysis can be a reliable diagnostic tool (Hunt John 2002). EBC analysis has some shortcomings, the biggest issue being standardization of collection. There are multiple devices being used in EBC research including the Turbo DECCS system, the RTube, and the ECoScreen. The RTube condenser is cooled by a metal sleeve which is cooled in a freezer

Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Station B, Box 1631, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States

The ratiometric method for the L-Arg and L-Asn biosensors was based on the ratio of the fluorescence intensities (FI565 & FI625) of the Arg-sensing membrane and the Asn-sensing membrane at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm (λex = 460 nm) and two emission wavelengths (λem= 565 & 625 nm) as follows:

The cells are placed into a flask and are forced through a nozzle so small that they must pass through one by one. In the nozzle, the cells are vibrated at different frequencies to produce drops (3). The drops of cells are then scanned by a laser that is used to count and measure each cell. Separating populations of cells involves attaching antibody linked fluorescent dye to certain cells of interest (3). The information that is gathered from the sorting and measuring of the cells is evaluated by a computer. The final steps for the FACS include applying an electrical charge to the drops of cells (3). Before the drop of cell forms at the end of the nozzle, a charge is applied to the stream that will determine where the drop will go (3). Based on the charge, the drip is either moved left or right with electrodes or placed in to designated final tubes. Quantifying the FACS information involves displaying the information so we know how many cells of each color and charge were

The sensor response was studied in solution phase by end point and kinetic rate constant methods. The equilibrium endpoint methods were optimized for H2O2, glucose and cholesterol sensing. The solution phase equilibrium method helps to understand the efficiency and performance of a sensor in solution. The reaction kinetic is an important parameter for the designing and development for biosensors. The reaction kinetics shows the whole picture of the sensor performance. The pseudo first order rates constant were used for analysis of H2O2, glucose, and

Water can diffuse into or out of a cubicle. The emplacement of the high concentration of water determines which direction the water diffuses. If there is a higher concentration of water molecules in the cell, osmosis will happen and the urine will run out of the cell, resulting in the cell becoming smaller. On the other hand, if there is a higher concentration of urine in the cell’s environment, the cell will expand because of the assimilation of water through osmosis. The various liquids in these experiments exhibit how diffusion flows from fields of a higher concentration of a substance to a lower absorption.

The purpose of this investigation lab is to observe osmosis of water into a cell, and also how. The goal of the experiment is to prove that a solution in an area of high concentration will move to an area of low concentration. In this experiment, we used sheep blood, 0.9% NaCl, 10% NaCl, and dH2O water to see what will cause when we add this to the cell. We will then record the rate of diffusion by measuring how did the blood flow into each solution and recording them. First, we placed with the wooden applicator stick, then dip the end into the blood and place tiny drop in the slide to observe what it will do.

Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport, which was shown in the lab. Due to diffusion and osmosis, solutions can either be hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic. Solutions that are hypotonic have more solute concentration inside the cell than outside the cell. Solutions that are hypertonic have less solute concentration inside the cell than outside the cell. A solution that is isotonic has an equal amount of solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Now, the goal of this lab was to see if red blood cells appear bigger after being exposed to distilled water. (If the cell appears bigger, than it shows that the solution is hypotonic. If the cell appears smaller, than it shows that the solution is hypertonic.

Considering a viscous liquid that is being pumped through a smooth pipe with the parameters:

A negative relationship between the RBC concentration and LIM voltage is observed, when more blood is added to the isotonic saline solution, blood concentration increased, therefore the protein concentration become greater in the solution. The greater concentration of protein in the solution the more light is scattered. The intensity of the scattered light increased, resulted in a lower voltage was detected by the LIM device. Thus resulted in a trend of decreasing voltage with an increasing blood concentration. Figure 1 indicates that the output of the LIM is linear. RBCs were added in an isotonic solution, which means there will be no net water movement between the saline solution and the RBCs. When the blood concentration increased the voltage is decreased, therefore, an inversely proportional relationship is observed between the two variables (y = -0.1069x + 0.0885). Hence, the concentration of blood in the unknown solution is 12.05 µLml-1.