I. INTRODUCTION
A
n aeroplane is acted upon by a few forces in the sky: Lift, Drag, Thrust and Weight. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil. A composite material is a material made from two or more constituent materials with differing physical or chemical properties that when joined together, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual material. The individual component remains separate and unique from the finished structure. There are a few types of currently available composite materials, and they include carbon fibre, fiber glass and fibre-reinforced matrix systems. Almost all new aircraft these days include some composite material into their designs. The most common composite material that is used in aircraft is fiberglass. Other composite materials used includes Kevlar, which is now replacing glass fibers. Composite materials had been used commonly since
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Although aeroplanes go through very stringent checks before flying, more time is needed to check when it is made with the composite material. As composite materials do not break easily, it is hard to differentiate if the interior structure has been damaged at all. Hence, it requires extensive inspection techniques for detection. In contrast, for traditional materials like aluminium, due to its nature, it bends and dents easily. [6] Therefore it is quite easy to find out if there is any structural damage. Based on experience, an aircraft would be grounded for a few days to repair on the composite material while only a few hours would be needed for a traditional metallic part. Moreover, repairs can be much more expensive when a composite surface is damaged. Also, composite repairs are more prone to human error than metal repairs since the quality of composite repair is highly dependent on the process
Non-Conformances on an aircraft has an impact on the financial status of any corporation. Defects documented on the airplane have proven to lessen the value and often leads to the customer opting to walk away from the deal forcing the manufacture to seek another buyer at a reduced rate. Costs do not result from only producing and fixing failures; a large number of costs comes from ensuring that quality products are produced. The cost of conformance is the price paid for preventing poor quality (inspection and quality appraisal). On the other hand, the cost of non-conformance is the cost of poor quality caused by product and service failure (rework and returns). Investigation of problems with the aircraft is an aid in prevention of failure to
Soon after, Airbus came out with its own plane that used a large number of composite materials. According to Materials Today,”In fact, the bill 53% composite content of the A350 slightly trumps the 50% of the B787. The European contender is 53% composite, 19% aluminum-lithium, 14% titanium, 6% steel and 8% other
Corrosion and fatigue cracks are hidden around the lap joints which in fact create critical problems by affecting the structural integrity of the fuselage. During inspection, large areas have to be examined in a small time period and mostly access is limited to a single side of the structure therefore the airline companies do not consider this inspection as a major issue. Disregarding such inspection resulted to an aircraft crash of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 which was caused by the crack and
When homeowners select benchtops or countertops today, they often debate between the pros and cons of stone benchtops versus laminates since these are two highly popular styles of countertops. While both are attractive and complement a variety of kitchen styles, one may better suit your use of this room over the other one. We compare these two materials below to help you decide which is best for your kitchen.
This field of science determines what materials would best suit a work, why, and how. For example, Aluminum is used in airplanes because it is abundant, fairly easy to obtain and very light. It's also strong, resists corrosion and conducts both heat and electricity well. Alloys of aluminum are the primary metals that are used to build airplanes. Aluminum is alloyed with other metals like copper, magnesium and zinc to make it even stronger.
There are many different frame materials today – aluminum, fiberglass, wood, vinyl and Fibrex, a composite created by combining wood and vinyl, are some of the most common frame types seen today.
The building materials available to engineers today are vastly improved over those of the past. One class which has seen wide spread usage in many fields are composites. These new materials first appeared on the aerospace scene in the early 1970’s, for these materials were found to provide many benefits over the previous metal-based designs.
The advanced composite materials such as Graphite, Carbon, Kevlar and Glass with suitable resins are widely used because of their high specific strength (strength / density) and high specific modulus (modulus / density). Advanced composite materials seem ideally suited for long, power driver shaft (propeller shaft) applications. Their elastic properties can be tailored to increase the torque they can carry as well as the rotational speed at which they operate. The drive shafts are used in automotive, aircraft and aerospace applications. The automotive industry is exploiting composite material technology for structural components construction in order to obtain the reduction
However, the absence of plastic deformation does not mean that composites are brittle materials like monolithic ceramics. The heterogeneous nature of composites result in complex failure mechanisms which impart toughness. Fiber-reinforced materials have been found to produce durable, reliable structural components in countless applications. The unique characteristic of composite materials, especially anisotropy, require the use of special design
Boeing’s newest jet, the 787, is made out of composite plastics and carbon fiber in order to
There are various materials which can be used on aircrafts. Composite and alloy materials are the primary component used due to the ability to combine certain materials with different strengths together to create a composite or alloy. These have ultimate properties that are needed to create an aircraft to be used safely in application. Composites are used due to the extreme high strength to weight ratio, although using large amounts of metals can be strong, unlike composites this would be too heavy. Composites essentially are designed to create a lighter aircraft, which over a long period of time, would be more cost effective for company running the plane, due to fuel savings.
Bio-materials are one of the most vital materials that are used in the medicine industry in recent times. These materials are basically classified under this class, since they perform or modify the natural function in an individual. These materials can be used on most of the living creatures with a few modifications.
The objectives are to understand how aircraft structures are changing from metal to composite parts. This is caused by latest technology and new requirements from aircraft users. With new capabilities in materials, composites in aircraft structures remain still in the beginning stages however over time composite structure will be developed for additional purposes.
Engineering materials is classified into families based on their material structure, compositions, properties etc, as shown in the figure:
Pilling is a surface defect of textiles caused by wear. Pilling happens due to rubbing or abrasions of the fabric during normal use. Pilling also happens due to rubbing or abrasions