What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Joints

This document’s purpose is to look for various available bracings used in a steel structure, which can be applied during construction to prevent the building from succumbing to the damage occurred due to the lateral movement, vertical movement, oscillatory movement, etc. caused by the seismic forces such as earthquake force and also forces such as wind load acting laterally.

ACI 318-63 requires that the minimum ratio of longitudinal bars shall be at least 1.0%. Also, The vertical center-to-center spacing of the lateral ties shall be one of the smallest of: (1) 16 longitudinal bar diameters to restrain longitudinal bars from buckling, (2) 48 tie diameters to ensure sufficient tie area to restrain the lateral displacement of the reinforcing bars, and (3) the least lateral dimension of the column to develop the maximum strength of the concrete core. As shown in Fig. 1, The dimensions and steel reinforcement details of the columns involved in this experimental program were particularly selected to represent relatively older columns. In this experimental program, the longitudinal reinforcement ratio, ρl, was constant

Today, some building codes may require a more rigorous structural design methodology than is associated with conventional construction. This requirement may result from a need for better building performance when the structure is exposed to moderate-to-high wind, seismic, and snow loads. An example of published

When designing a building, the load that must be supported is a very important consideration. Various building materials will each have their own levels of strength and ability to support loads. In addition to this, the way in which the building material is utilized may also play a role in the ability of the building to support large loads. The implementation of concrete as a building material led to much stronger walls and supports in Roman buildings. Additionally, the development of the arch was revolutionary in its ability to support loads. The types and sizes of structures that the Romans could build became unlike anything seen before, and they also became very interested in working with interior spaces, as well (Ambler, n.d.).

In 1989, an earthquake caused the top deck of the bridge to collapse. This has raised concern in recent years in the case of a large scale earthquake. During an inspection in September of 2009, a 1.5 inch crack was found in a structural truss called an eyebar. The system of the truss is meant to distribute report will describe the tensile load from the weight of the bridge over 4 eyebars. One of them being broken, this same load was now distributed between only 3 eyebars. Because these eyebars were not designed to carry extra load, it became crucially important to repair the eyebar as soon as possible. However, because the bridge is so old, its mechanisms were more complex than what would be designed now in the current day. The engineering company C.C. Myers was contracted to do the repair. C.C Myers decided to repair the eyebar by welding a crossbar to the saddles which had been placed on each end of the broken eyebar (Alfrey, 2010). Four tie rods were then bolted to distribute the tensile load (Reid, 2010). This repair was completed in only 70 hours (Carlsen,

Every construction material and system has its own characteristics which to a greater or lesser extend influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, etc. This is also the case for precast concrete, not only in comparison to steel, wood and masonry structures, but also with respect to cast in-situ concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be made in such a way

The roof trusses are designed with a combination of modern and traditional design. Cleveland Arcade trusses are pin-connected to the steal beams. The efficiency of the trusses seem to be a high efficiency since every truss member is pin connected to the beams which means that the bolts capacity have been taking into consideration as they were designed. Figure 3 shows a side view of the end of a truss member how it is connected to the beam. Moreover, the trusses are designed as arches, which also give its own uniquely design.

The FHWA has recommendations for new designs and existing construction. Some of the recommendations for new designs are: Use continuous spans rather than simply supported spans; this will reduce the need for expansion joints and thus minimize the potential for span separation. A side benefit of this practice will be a reduction in joint maintenance costs. And, use earthquake-protective systems (e.g., seismic isolation), where appropriate, to minimize the seismic demand on bridge members.

Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures. Korea Concrete Institute,

Experiment Two: Stiffness Report from laboratory work performed on 12 May 2011 as a part of the unit of study CIVL2201 Structural Mechanics

The infill brick walls of Specimen 5 were produced by the small windows opening. These window openings were shifted to the side of the one column at stories. Until the end of the experiment, 9 hysteresis cycles were applied to Specimen 5 at both forward and backward. Specimen 5 reached 9.14 kN lateral force and +7.56 mm displacement at 4 hysteresis forward cycle and -19.31 kN lateral force and -21.51 mm displacement at 8 hysteresis backward cycle. When Specimen 5 reached to ultimate lateral load-carrying capacity, interstory drift value was 0.7% at forward and interstory drift value was 3% at backward. Load controlled program and base shear versus second story displacement hysteresis curve of Specimen 5 are shown in Fig. 14.

The evidence to date supports the position temporary support to the cantilevered end of the beam was necessary until the connection was completed. Normally with a bolted connection, the ironworkers can insert enough bolts to hold the beam in place during erection and then another crew follows later to tighten the bolts or insert additional bolts if required in the plans. However, this particular connection was to be field welded. Therefore, the erection plans indicate two bolts were to be inserted to hold the beam in place, initially. The accepted procedure is to provide temporary support for the beam until the connection is later welded into its final position. The testimony to date is that the erector is responsible for providing the temporary support as part of the means and methods of connecting the beam. It should be noted that Cives admitted it did provide indications for temporary support on its erection drawing on other projects, but only in instances where the erector requested it to do so.

His theory maintains that the truss is a structure that represents beam behaviour. Generally, Culmann considers every connection of the members in a truss flexible (basically a hinge) and formulates equilibrium equations at the point where members meet (Culmann 1851). Nowadays, this theory is known as the "Method of Joints" and is regularly used to calculate the internal forces in each member of the truss. Armed with a method to calculate the forces in the members of a truss, engineers optimized the design of trusses through addition and variation of

The butt joint is the most basic and simple joint to construct because it is made with only two pieces of timber that are butted together at the ends, this also means that the joint isn't very strong in fact it is the weakest joint that is used in woodwork but it is also the easiest to make. This joint is held together with glue, nails, screws or dowel but can also be secured with a combination of methods to greatly increase its strength and aesthetics.

Although these problems were corrected and the idea of building a skyscraper became a feasible task, there were many conditions that had to be taken into account, that did not need consideration when building a structure less than 40 stories tall. Four story buildings are supported by their own walls; however a new method needed to be created for skyscrapers since the previous building method would not provide enough support. Metal skeletal frames made of columns and beams were then developed to provide the support and strength needed for the skyscrapers. As the buildings grew taller, their structural design was made lighter and stiffer. Also, as the buildings grew taller, wind became an important issue. Normally, the force that acts on the skyscraper pushes directly downward towards the ground that would then counter balance that push. However, when an additional force acts on it, such as wind, the forces would act differently on the skyscraper. With a lateral force acting on the building, the steel columns of the frame on the windy side would stretch apart slightly while the columns on the other side would compress. Therefore, the skeletal frame built had to be made so that the structure would be free to move slightly with the wind and, at the same time, remain sturdy.