CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Overview
The power plant is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. The power plant must include a generator where as a rotating machine that converts the mechanical power to the electrical power. The energy source needed to turn the turbine varies widely. Such as coal, oil, natural gas and nuclear power. Renewable source also can be as a source to the generator as solar, wind, wave and hydroelectric. Nowadays, location is the main factor to placing the power plant. Usually location is concerned with the geographic location of land, easy to get the resource; population of people needed the electricity and costs. In economic terms, electricity is a commodity capable to being bought, sold and traded. The power plant is a system for effecting purchases, through bids to buy, through offer to sell and short term trading or long term trading.
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Advantages Disadvantages
Smaller space is required to hydro power plant Requires high maintenance and operation cost
Economical initial cost compared to hydro plants Pollution at air
Thermal plants can be placed near to the load Huge requirement of water
Plant can withstand for certain extent Efficiency of thermal plant is less (30%-35%)
Because of the limited place for both power plant above, new technologies or strategies needed to provide the acceptable power quality and higher reliability.
1. [cited; Available from: http://www.tnb.com.my/about-tnb/our-business/core-business/generation-division.html.
2. Kassim.S.M., Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Grid Di Malaysia. 2013.
3. Haldane, T.G.N. and P.L. Blackstone, Problems of hydro-electric design in mixed thermal¿hydro-electric systems. Proceedings of the IEE - Part A: Power Engineering, 1955. 102(3): p. 311-322.
4. Changliang Liu, H.W., Jinliang Ding, Chenggang Zhen,, An Overview of Modelling and Simulation of Thermal Power Plant. 2011: p.
This article explained how electricity was generated in the early 1900s. Burning coal in the city centers produced electricity and also helped to heat buildings. Only people near from the city were able to use electricity because there was not way to transmit the electricity to rural areas. After a long time coal plants started to grew and people were facing difficulties because the coal plants occupied space and they also produced pollution to the city. People decided to move coal plants to the outside of the city in that way people would not be affected, they started to use transmission wires to carry electricity. Even though they did not have the same efficacy to obtain electricity they were finding a way to improve it. At the beginning of 1970 technology began to improve, so many mass-produce engines were produce and they can be located in the middle of the population, also decentralized plants were used to recycle the wasted heat. After all these benefits of the new technology, industry decided to make some changes. Electric monopolies started to charge people for the use of electricity. Later on, congress tried to open competition in 1978 and some independent power companies started to develop one site generation. This article was focused in a research on how to build new power generation providing technology, capital costs and fuel prices. After all of this significant and dramatic changes in electricity, United States was facing problems because the power industry
Power production can come from multitude of sources with different types of power plant facilities each with some sort of unique need; these sources include coal, natural gas, nuclear, wind, water also known as hydroelectric, solar, geothermal and biomass (U.S. Energy Information Administration). These energy sources are broken down into one of two categories, renewable or nonrenewable.
The source of coal for the power station and oil for starting and operating will be supplied from Indonesia by ship and transferred from the unloading seaport to the site
Nuclear power plants provide a substantial amount of electricity, but could also have catastrophic consequences if put in dire situations. These power plants are often built in countries like France, where there is more opportunity and less risk. The idea of constructing a nuclear power plant, is not one that is very advisable at the time. The proposal was taken into consideration, but brought about some interesting factors. Building a nuclear power plant is too dangerous, way too expensive, and burdens too much of a risk to build one in our city.
Uranium was found in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, who is a German chemist, and was named after Uranus, the planet. This sparked electricity in many laboratories. In the 1900’s work was found in central Asia on nuclear minerals. The revolution in 1917 inspired scientific research. Nuclear fission was finally understood by the 1940’s.
though its capital cost is very expensive, but it lowers the social cost. The thermal power plants accelerate the climate change and pollute the atmosphere. It generates direct and indirect damages such as smog, acid rain, and natural hazards. Historically, London experienced deadly smog, and recently Chinese mega cities are experiencing the smog and haze. It creates the many mental and physical health problems, which means that the government’s budget leak to the public health insurance. Extreme natural hazard occurs more frequently by climate change. Massive ice storms, floods, hurricane, and abnormal high or low temperature are good examples of climate change phenomenon. Countries are facing these disaster at least a year. The direct
“Worldwide, hydropower facilities possess a significant amount of installed electric generating capacity. IEA statistics indicate that at the end of 2001 there was in excess of 450,000 MW of installed capacity within IEA member countries, with about half in Europe and half in North America. In addition to conventional hydropower, there is more than 80,000 MW of installed pumped-hydro capacity in IEA countries. In contrast, utility-scale wind power is relatively new in the electric market, but increasing rapidly” (Integration of Wind and Hydropower Systems)
The size and great number of water basins in the Andes has created a great number of potential locations for small hydroelectric facilities, of which only a few number have been built, but therefore there is a great number of opportunities to develop new projects, but as usual although the engineering conditions can be found, the economics have to be adequate to pay back for the project.
Finally, in dry steam geothermal power plants they also use steam, but get the stream from out of fractures in the surface and used it to drive the turbine directly. It is one of the oldest forms of harnessing geothermal energy.
Turbine is used as steam driven to convert heat energy to electric power in thermal power plant. Coal is burnt in a boiler to convert water into steam. By using Rankine cycle concept, the steam is expand in turbine to produces mechanical power, where the energy is transferred by a force to drives the alternator coupled to the turbine. Then after the steam is passed through turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser to convert into liquid and recycled to its original temperature in vapor state. The energy efficiency of a conventional thermal power station is typically 33% to 48%. The figure 1 shows the general layout of the thermal power plant and the figure 2 illustrates the components of the thermal power plant.
Cost has been prominent constrain on development of nuclear in energy. Establishment of a massive scale nuclear power plant is a mega project which needs thousands of workers and investment of US$ 10 billion to a large scale reactor and will take up to 10 years from its construction to operation [48].
Renewable energy has become a widely popular topic in society. With the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, scientist are looking to natural and renewable resources to create a means to produce sustainable energy. There are many alternative energy sources that have proven useful in the past couple of years. Some of the alternative energy sources are not only more useful than others but have proven to be easier to attain and also prove to create a more substantial amount of energy. Today, the most widely used form of renewable energy is hydroelectric energy. Making up 20 percent of global electricity generation, hydroelectric energy is crucial in the production of electrical power and sustaining the environment.
The Lambda iteration method is implemented in three and six generating units. The results are compared for two different cases with and without losses. In first case generator constraints are considered along with the lossless system and in second case generator constraints are considered with the losses. All the programming has been done in MATLAB environment. In this study, three and six unit thermal power plant is considered which is solved for two different cases with and without losses.
Hydro power and also known as hydraulic power or water power is uses water to move the turbine in order to convert kinetic energy into electric energy [1]. Besides it is renewable another advantages of the hydroelectric power plant are its produces negligible amount of greenhouse gases, in the way of storing large amount of electricity, it is the least cost, and the electricity produced can be adjusted followed the demanded from the consumers. In Malaysia total capacity of hydro power plants is only around 8% from the total generation capacity. During the generation of electricity, usage of hydro power plant will increase due to
Along with the system design, detailed numerical models (e.g. control models, mathematical models, data constraints) can be added into the analytical framework to decrease the uncertainty of simulation results. In this process, the qualitative models should be validated to ensure consistency with numerical models. During this process, the expressions of propositional logics and linear temporal logics are replaced by High Order Logics. An example of numerical model implementation is demonstrated in Fig 5; after specifying plant power, a form of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control can be implemented and assigned to the software “Control Routine”. Note that the meaning and actual values of each parameter are gathered from the