Disadvantages Of Nanotechnology Essay

Capsule is the most versatile of all dosage forms. Capsules are solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal and inert ingredients are enclosed in a small shell or container usually made of gelatin. There are two types of capsules, “hard” and “soft”. The hard capsule is also called “two piece” as it consists of two pieces in the form of small cylinders closed at one end, the shorter piece is called the “cap” which fits over the open end of the longer piece, called the “body”. The soft gelatin capsule is also called as “one piece”. Capsules are available in many sizes to provide dosing flexibility. Unpleasant drug tastes and odors can be masked by the tasteless gelatin shell. The administration of liquid and solid drugs enclosed in hard

The majority of medicines are formulated for oral administration. This means they are taken via the mouth, in the form of a tablet, capsule, liquid or suspension. These medicines come in a variety of

Absorption – “How the drugs enter the circulation process through the body, and how they resist general breakdown by the stomach, liver, and the intestines”. Some of the factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body is as follows, “acidity of the stomach, Physiochemical properties, Presence of food in the stomach or intestine, and Routes of administration”,

Pharmacokinetics "is the way a drug is absorbed, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (pg. 749 Treas)

Topical drugs such as patches, ointment, and cream are applied directly on the skin and can be absorbed fast or with a delayed action. The term pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of the drug in the human’s body. This includes the site of absorption (movement of drug from entry to tissue), how it is distributed (movement in the circulatory system to intended destination), how it is metabolized (break down in the liver), and excretion (elimination from the body). This unit also described the term half-life, which is how long the human body takes to break down a drug, absorb and excrete it and short half-life, which are medications excreted by the body quicker than long half-life drugs. The term pharmacodynamics is any of the changes in the patient’s body resulting from the medicine taken. It is highly important for the patient to know of the used drug’s side effects (unintended effects), adverse effects (unintended effects that can be harmful), and any possibilities of allergic reactions (most severe adverse response of a

Based on ¨Principles of Pharmacokinetics¨, ¨pharmacokinetics is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion¨ (Ratain 2003). In other words, the drug's pharmacokinetics determines the duration and the intensity of the effect on the body. Absorption rate can be affected by the drug itself, such as: rate of dissolution, lipid solubility, and route (VandeWaa 2016). The absorption process starts by the route of admission, in this case oral. The oral, or by mouth, route of administration for drugs is the most common. When a pill is taken by mouth, it travels down to the stomach, were most pills dissolve. While in the stomach, some kinds of pills are absorbed into the stomach lining, but some move on to the small intestine. Every pill eventually ends up in the bloodstream and circulate through the body to tissues and organs (Howell 2017). Once passive diffusion occurs, the cells absorb the molecules of the medicine. Then, the molecules of the medicine will exit the cells and travel in the bloodstream for the distribution process.

Pharmacokinetics (PK): Well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, metabolised in the liver and excreted in the urine. 1-2,4 The average PK parameters of DVS with once-daily dosing are1,4:

The nasal route has been extensively used for topical treatments in the past, for example, in the treatment of rhinitis with antihistamines. However, due to the appealing drug absorption potential of the nasal mucosa, intranasal administration for the systemic delivery of drugs has grown in popularity, allowing it to be considered as an alternative parenteral route of administration 11. The nasal mucosa consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that lies on top of a highly vascularised basement membrane. The columnar cell surface possesses microvilli which extensively aid systemic absorption through a greatly increased surface area 5. The highly vascularised mucosa plays a significant role in systemic absorption as blood flow, and subsequently the concentration gradient across the membrane, has a major influence in the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation 1. These anatomical aspects, coupled with the nasal cavity’s thin and porous endothelial membrane provide an attractive option for a range of therapeutic applications 5. An example of such an application is the administration of fentanyl. Nasal delivery of fentanyl exhibits a rapid onset of action due to the advantageous nasal anatomy and provides a Tmax of approximately 7 minutes, a

Enteral Route- The purpose is direct absorption into the bloodstream and directly into the GI Tract. Some advantages are that it is Safe, Administered, and convenient. Some disadvantages are slow onset, No oral nasogastric, or gastrostomy tube.

Pharmacokinetics consists of three components, absorption, distribution, and clearance. Absorption, especially from the oral route is the least influenced by the aging process and slows down, but remains complete (Adams et al., 2011). As the number of drugs ingested increases, the risk that absorption is interrupted increases (Adams et al., 2011). Distribution is significantly impacted with age. Older people have more body fat and less water than younger people. As a result, a drug that is fat soluble will remain in older bodies

How does the way a drug enters the body make a difference in its efforts? There are many different routes that drugs can be introduced to the body. One is, sublingual which means that you can dissolvable drugs under the tongue. The blood flows differently, it bypasses

(Drugs- The real facts, n.d). Additionally, the rise in ecstasy use has also caused a rise in the number of deaths over the years. This rise in deaths from ecstasy abuse may be linked to people not knowing how the drug interacts with their body. Further, ecstasy usually comes in a pill form that can be ingested, but there are also different methods of taking the drug as well. When ecstasy is consumed the chemical structure of ecstasy (C11H15NO2) allows the pill to rapidly reach the brain. Furthermore, when ecstasy is first ingested it quickly breaks up into smaller molecules within the stomach, and then some of those molecules are taken in from the stomach to the bloodstream, as well as into the small intestines where they are more easily absorbed into the bloodstream. The reason most of the ecstasy is absorbed into the small intestines and not directly the blood stream is because ecstasy is a weak base, meaning that a hydrogen ion (H+) in ecstasy is likely to be accepted or picked up from the stomach since the gastric acid contents of the stomach are filled with H+. Ecstasy then becomes charged or polar once accepting an H+, which in turn makes it hard for the ecstasy to extend through the biomembrane because of its nonpolar environment. Since ecstasy is polar, it travels to the small intestines where it

Some portion of a drug may be lost as it is digested. Enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract break down drugs, so do the bacteria that normally live there. Drugs also interact with food and drink…in some cases reducing, but in other cases increasing the amount that gets absorbed. After being absorbed through the gut, drug molecules travel through the portal vein to the liver. Most of the work of drug metabolism is done in the liver by enzymes like the cytochrome P-450 system.

Drugs can be given through different types of routes. For example, giving medicines orally. This is a systemic route, which involves the process of absorption. Absorption is when a drug moves from its original site and enters the bloodstream. When a drug is administered orally, this can be in the form of capsules, tablets or caplets. The drug is absorbed, by passing through the intestine. The use of oral drugs, are more popular, because they are more convenient and easy for patients to take (Boarder, Newby & Navti, 2010). Ibuprofen is transported to the liver and kidney. In this case, Ibuprofen Lysine is the active ingredient in Nurofen maximum strength migraine pain 684mg caplets (Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare Ltd, 2016). This is used to treat symptoms of migraines and

ion. Systemic clearance is defined as the ability of the body to eliminate a drug from body fluid, namely blood or plasma, in volume unit of body fluid per time unit. Systemic clearance describes the whole body elimination of drug including renal and hepatic clearances while organ clearance describes the particular organ clearance. The main specific organs related to systemic clearance are hepatic and renal clearances. Numerous factors influence the systemic clearance rate which includes impairment of hepatic clearance, impairment of renal clearance, altered protein binding concentration, and organ blood flow. The liver plays a major role in system clearance as it contains the major metabolic systems in the body. An impairment of the liver