What Are The Causes Of Sudden Oak Death

Many new species such as the anaconda along with various other animals and plants have been introduced to Florida, but those who run River Bend State Park have done a superb job at keeping the park free of any invasive species. The park has also take precautionary measures for protecting their oldest tree in the Park by adding fence around the tree with cameras to make sure that the tree remains undisturbed. This tree just so happens to be buried on top of an Indian burial tomb and it is told to be that this particular oak tree is 300 years old. Unfortunately, this tree is now slowly dying, but no one knows exactly how long the tree could take to fully

Laurel Wilt Disease is a scourge here in Florida. The disease affects laurel trees all over the Southeast, with the most notable victim being avocado trees. The beetles also effect sassafras trees, pond spice trees, and swamp bays. The main cause of this disease is a fungus known as Raffaelea Lauricola that is transmitted through a beetle called the red bay ambrosia beetle (Persea Borbonia). Neither of these species are native to the area. It was brought over to the states through wooden shipping containers that had contained the beetle insect. The insect and disease came from countries like India, Japan, Myanmar, and Taiwan. The disease works by having the beetle come into the country, hiding in the wooden crates. Once in America, the beetle enters into the environment and seeks trees to bore into for food and shelter. The beetles contain spores that containing the fungus that kills the host tree. The fungus then grows in the sapwood of the tree, restricting the flow of food, sap, and nutrients around the tree. This results in die back and eventually, a dead tree. The disease is known to highly effect the avocado industry and the natural forests in Florida. Currently, 61 out of 67 counties in Florida contain reports of Laurel Wilt Disease as of 2015. That is an enormous 91%.

The rising number of high severity wildfires in California has significant ecological, economic, and health impacts. Many western American forests are adapted to frequent low severity fires. However, the majority of these forests, and particularly the mixed conifer forests of California, are not adapted to high intensity fires and do not possess fire resistance adaptations such as serotinous cones to protect seeds. Consequently, high severity fires have significant negative impacts on California forests, and the absence of low severity fires has considerably altered many fundamental ecosystem processes (Miller et al. 2008). Prior to 1900, low severity fires would burn every 6-15 years. Low severity fires are generally non-lethal, have minimal change to the overstory, and kill mainly small trees. In the past, these fires were started naturally by lightning, or by Native Americans who used low severity fires to manage the forests.

To make matters worse California is in the middle of a devastating drought, causing many forest fires. But these trees remain unfazed, as a matter of fact fire is an innate part of this ecosystems, many animals depend on fires for survival like the black-backed woodpecker who their main source of food are tree inhabiting beetles. When the bark is chard this helps the woodpecker find its food easier. Unlike a lot of other trees sequoias need fire to reproduce. The fire also does 3 things for the sequoias: it heats up and opens the cones releasing seeds, second,the fire makes and opening in the canopy of the trees to allow sunlight to shine through, and finally, the fire gives the sequoias seeds a nutrient rich place to grow (Yosemite, 2017). When winter comes around the ice pack covers the seeds allowing the seeds to be in the right condition to start the process of germination. In the episode they talk to a forest ecologist that works for the U.S geological survey, his job is to monitor the trees response to the drought and in recent years by recording the water content in the clippings they have found that the water content is decreasing. Which is a warning sign that the tree might be dying or under stress from the drought. When a sequoia is healthy is clippings are green and have a higher water content, but since the water content is decreasing that the amount of water to keep the cells at an

The leaves of the eucalyptus tree contain toxic chemical compounds. As a result only few animals are able to consume the leaves, therefore giving the tree a better chance of survival.

When the moisture, temperature, and nutrients are suitable, spores freed from a mushroom germinate into threads of cells called hyphae. As each hypha grows and branches, it forms connections with other hyphae from compatible spores to create mycelia, which mature, gathering nutrients and moisture (Stamets, 2005). The mycelia of the Stropharia rugoso-annulata, otherwise known as the garden giant, are bestowed upon the title of mycoremediator. Its mycelia secrete enzymes such as manganese dependent peroxidase, an enzyme that mineralizes wood and is particularly efficient in breaking hydrocarbon bonds; this mineralization indicates a complete breakdown of the PAHs (Morelli et al. 2012). This fungus has been proven to modify soil permeability and soil ion exchange and to detoxify contaminated soil. It has been identified as one of the most efficient degraders of PAHs among the litter-decomposing fungi, with reductions of up to 70%, 86% and 84% of benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene respectively (Steffen et al, 2007). The garden giant also remediates the soil by consuming the harmful bacteria that hinders plant

California's severe drought has put millions of its trees in severe danger of dying. If you are living in an area suffering from similar or even less severe drought conditions, you can save your trees by following these simple guidelines. Most of them are already beneficial for your tree's health, but are absolutely essential when water is scarce.

The Quercus Alba or commonly known as the white oak tree is a hardwood tree that is found in many areas around North America. The wood from this tree has been a very good building material and is used in projects from house building to small wood carpentry projects. Quercus Alba is a very tall tree that extends outward at the top making a very large canopy. Unlike its common name the white oak does not have whit bark. Its natural region extends from the eastern coast over the Appalachian Mountains and into the eastern part of Kansas.

Over the summer of 2015, the air quality has never been poorer. This poor air quality was due to one of the worst fire seasons in past memory. These fires that originated across the northwestern hemisphere, showed an increase length and danger of fire seasons for the United States. With climate change increasing the temperature of the country, the hot and dry season that comes with summer has been expanded. This lack of moisture and increase in temperature causes forests to become even more dry, and even more susceptible to fire. These dry forests in the summer are also aided by an increase in tree deaths cause by the death of trees from mountain pine beetle infestations in Montana. The increase in the beetles'

The absence of a balsam fir seedling bank prior to the outbreak could be due to unfavorable litter or soil conditions (Greene et al. 1999), higher competition by shrubs prior to the outbreak (Kneeshaw and Bergeron 1999), and the absence of seed trees. Absence of a seedling bank or death of the seedling bank during an epidemic will lead to lack of fir recruitment (Bouchard et al. 2007). But in research by Spence and MacLean (2012) there was a different result: in immature stands the intolerant hardwood regenerations post-disturbance (4%-27%) was higher than pre-disturbance (0%). But the percentage of intolerant hardwood regeneration eventually decreased (from 19%-44% to 4%-25%). This suggests that in immature stands may still have a higher balsam fir composition over

Among other names, like their latin names and the regular name( Oaks), mighty oaks are a haven for many organisms. Those organisms include: squirrels, raccoons, spiders, black bears, mountain lions, and bobcats. I’m going to talk about the relationships between these animals and the things that happen during the mighty oak’s life span.

Wild fires are natural to Chaparrals but not at the frequency they are currently happening do to humans. The normal recovery time between fires should be thirty to one hundred and fifty years, or at least fifteen years, but do to human ignition the fires have increase causing serious degradation or even complete elimination of some Chaparrals (http://www.californiachaparral.org/threatstochaparral.html). Humans often build homes in Chaparrals, such as the hills of California (Raven, 117). Humans also hurt Chaparrals through destruction of habitat and water sources (http://www.californiachaparral.org/threatstochaparral.html). Lastly, one of the biggest human induced problems is the spread of invasive weeds and plants such as pampas grass, ivy, fountain grass, cordgrass and periwinkle, among many others (http://www.californiachaparral.org/threatstochaparral.html). These plants are non-native and should not be planted in or around Chaparrals for any reason.

Are your evergreen branches brown on the end? Or have you seen new, yellow needles? This tree fungus may be hurting your trees.

Another way humans helped the spread of EAB is by conveying piles of firewood all over the place, whether that firewood be for camping purposes or for home heating. If the firewood is of an ash variety, EAB could very easily jump aboard and travel to a new destination, resulting, again, in its populations skyrocketing and ash trees dying. A direct result of this was states putting a banned and even quarantined the transportation of firewood across county lines, in an attempt to slow the spread of EAB from county to county, and essentially from state to state. It was only slightly affective, due to the fact

The sessile oak tree is the dominant species in an upland oak woodland, which can “occur mainly in semi-natural forests on shallow, well-drained and acidic soils.” (Sessile Oak) The sessile oak is mostly found in areas of Europe, from southern Scandinavia to the Mediterranean. As a plant, it should be a phototroph and absorb nutrients from sunlight. The tree has been known