Swap
Q1: Where did the swap market originate? And why?
The earliest SWAP market originated in the United Kingdom in the 1970s. The main purpose of this market is to circumvent the foreign exchange controls adopted by the British government. The first swap is a change in the currency swap. The British government taxes foreign exchange transactions involving sterling. This makes it more difficult for capital to leave the country, thereby increasing domestic investment.
Q2: Why Swaps are so popular? What is their economic rationale?
Interchanges help to limit or manage the volatility of interest rates, and swap yields lower interest rates than would have been available to the company. Swaps are used because domestic companies usually get better
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Interest rate swaps include the exchange of interest payments, while currency swaps include the exchange of the same amount of cash in one currency. Interest rate swaps are financial derivative contracts where both parties agree to exchange interest rate cash flows
Q8: What is the combination of FX and interest rate swap called? How many swap types can you construct by mixing the basic flavors?
The combination of FX and interest rate swaps is called CIRCUS. In terms of their magnitude importance, the five common types of swaps are: interest rate swaps, currency swaps, credit swaps, commodity swaps and stock swaps. There are many other types of swaps
Q9: Swaps are important risk management tools. How would you use swaps in the following situations (give an example and describe the swap type)
For example, consider an ordinary fixed interest rate floating interest rate swap, Party A pay a fixed rate, Party B pay a floating rate. In such an agreement, the fixed interest rate should be such that the present value of the future fixed interest rate paid by Party A is equal to the present value (ie, the net present value is zero) paid by the expected future variable interest rate. If this is not the case, then arbitrator C
5. Compare and contrast selling Eurodollar futures and being a fixed rate payer in a swap as a risk management technique. Explain in detail.
Currency exchange rates can be categorised as floating, in which case they constantly change based on a number of factors, or they can subsequently be fixed to another currency, where they still float, but they additionally move in conjunction with the currency to which they are pegged. Floating rates are a reflection of market movement, demonstrating the principles of both demand and supply, as well as limit imbalances in the international financial system. Fixed exchange rates are predominantly used by developing countries as they are preferred for their greater stability. They grant further control to central banks to set currency values, and are often used to evade market abuse. (MacEachern, A. 2008; Simmons, P.
One needs to have a base level understanding of what defines an exchange rate. According to Investopedia, a foreign exchange rate is “The price of one country's currency expressed in another country's currency. In other words, the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another.”(Investopedia, 2012) The process by which foreign exchange rates are determined is really not any different than any other
2) Interest rate parity (how exchange rate is determined by the flows of capital) and
B. fixed-for-fixed rate debt service (currency swap), where one counterparty exchanges the debt service obligations of a bond denominated in one currency for the debt service obligations of the other counter party denominated in another currency
The market for swap exists since it allows parties to access market which they might not be able to do directly. Also swaps are customizable between parties and so are more flexible. The duration of
Exchange rates play a pivotal role in the relationships between individual economies and the global economy. Almost all financial flows are processed through the exchange rate, as a result the movements and fluctuations of the exchange have a significant impact on international competitiveness, trade flows, investment decisions and many other factors within the economy. Due to the increasing globalisation of the world economy, trade and financial flows are becoming more accessible
This “Ice Giant” sure stands for its name as the 7th farthest planet from the Sun and its cold atmosphere brought about by the gases found here, hydrogen, helium and a little bit of methane. Uranus falls under the gas giant category along with neighbors Neptune and Saturn. This planet is composed of rock materials and various ices and is very similar to the cores of Saturn and Jupiter. Since the thick, blue-colored atmosphere covers the planet itself, scientists suggest that under the atmosphere is a hot, slushy ocean of water, ammonia, and methane thousands of mile deep right to a small, rocky core. Its blue color comes from the absorption of red light from the Sun by methane in the upper atmosphere but reflects blue light from the Sun back into space.
There are no capital reserve requirements specific to swaps. Swaps do not appear as assets on the balance sheet and thus they are not accounted for in the capital requirement calculations for the bank. This frees capital for the bank and at the same time brings insurance against its interest rate exposure.
Interest rate swaps are very popular due to the arbitrage opportunities they provide. Due to varying levels of creditworthiness in companies, there is often a positive quality spread differential, which allows both parties to benefit from an interest rate swap. In the case of B.F. Goodrich and Rabobank the QSD was +1.675% (Refer to Exhibit C), indicating that the swap of the interest rates is in the interest of both parties. The arbitrage in affect between the two creditworthy firms moves the USD and the Euro currencies closer to purchasing power parity. This inturn contributes to the market becoming more efficient as trading institutions take action on potential price mismatches.
1) What are Aspen Technology’s main exchange rate exposures? How does Aspen Tech’s business strategy give rise to these exposures as well as to the firm’s financing need?
Swaps, being highly liquid derivatives, are not traded on stock exchange, but facilitated by over-the-counter (OTC) trading. Interest rate swap is an arrangement between two parties whereby they exchange one set of interest payment for another. The most widespread arrangement is when fixed-rate interest payments are exchange for floating-rate interest payment on some notional amount over the time. This notional amount is generally not exchanged between counterparties, but is used only for calculation of the size of cash flows to be exchanged, and what is more, usually only resulting cash flow (difference between fixed and floating
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Such a process can be very time consuming and imprecise, without, of course, having a market currency price to begin with. The exchange-rate system is an important topic in international economic policy. Policymakers and journalists often seem to treat the choice of exchange-rate system as one of the most important economic policy choices that a national government makes, on a par with free international trade. Under most circumstances and for most countries, a system of freely floating exchange rates is likely to be a better choice than attempting to peg the exchange rate.