What are the limitations of delivering vaccines nasally?
Abstract
Intranasal vaccinations are a developing area of research that can provide a promising alternative to the current strategy of intramuscular injections 1. In this review, the reasons for growing interest in intranasal administration are discussed, with those relating specifically to vaccinations being considered in more detail. In addition, the main limitations to nasal vaccines are reviewed, taking into account issues with the nasal mucosa and the vaccine formulation itself. Finally, nasal vaccinations that are currently available are discussed as well as the potential future developments in the field.
Introduction
Vaccinations are the cornerstone of preventing and
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Since then, research in this area has been driven to overcome the issues with nasal vaccines and broaden their use as viable immunological tools.
Interest in Intranasal Administration
The nasal route has been extensively used for topical treatments in the past, for example, in the treatment of rhinitis with antihistamines. However, due to the appealing drug absorption potential of the nasal mucosa, intranasal administration for the systemic delivery of drugs has grown in popularity, allowing it to be considered as an alternative parenteral route of administration 11. The nasal mucosa consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium that lies on top of a highly vascularised basement membrane. The columnar cell surface possesses microvilli which extensively aid systemic absorption through a greatly increased surface area 5. The highly vascularised mucosa plays a significant role in systemic absorption as blood flow, and subsequently the concentration gradient across the membrane, has a major influence in the absorption of drugs into the systemic circulation 1. These anatomical aspects, coupled with the nasal cavity’s thin and porous endothelial membrane provide an attractive option for a range of therapeutic applications 5. An example of such an application is the administration of fentanyl. Nasal delivery of fentanyl exhibits a rapid onset of action due to the advantageous nasal anatomy and provides a Tmax of approximately 7 minutes, a
Since their first introduction in the late 1700s, vaccinations have been a controversial topic of discussion. Vaccines are a safe and effective way to prevent the spread of disease. Although we can attribute the eradication and control of many diseases to vaccinations, there are still many Americans who are refusing to vaccinate their children based on their belief in a few unfounded fears. Most of these fears that the anti vaccine community believes are centered around the health risks involved with the practice of vaccinating. The majority of these fears have been disproven through extensive research. With the continued research and innovations of the
Examples: public health nursing services; free or reduced cost vaccination programs (MN Vaccine for Children program); homecare or assisted living services; breast and cervical cancer early detection program (SAGE program), maternal and child health services for uninsured or underinsured (MN Care, IM Care, and MNsure); WIC programs and resources; critical access hospital (Grand Itasca), transportation services (Silverline Bus, Arrowhead); social workers, case works, care coordinators and community health care workers (Itasca County Health and Human Services, 2016).
3Transdermal delivery of fentanyl has a variety of advantages compared to other delivery systems. Unlike oral administration, transdermal fentanyl avoids first–pass hepatic effect of the liver, which can prematurely metabolize drugs. In comparison with oral opioids, transdermal fentanyl has a lower incidence and impact of adverse effects such as constipation and vomiting, it also enhances patience compliance (as administration is every 72 hours). Transdermal delivery of fentanyl is also more convenient in comparison to hypodermic injection which can be very painful but also exert dangerous medical waste and increase disease transmission with the re use of needles (which is very common in developing countries).
Managers in any field of business have various daily responsibilities in order to keep things running smoothly. Planning involves the development of long-term goals and objectives as well as short-term ones and acquiring the resources necessary to achieve them (Edmonds, Olds & Tsay, 2009). The development of short-term goals which typically take less than a year to complete, is known as operational planning (Edmonds, Olds & Tsay, 2009). In my current place of work, a short-term goal would be for each nurse aiming to meet their vaccine administration goal. Our manger will occasionally do contests of who can give the most over a short period of time. Of course our number one priority is the patient and we have to be cautious when administering
During every year everyone trembles in fear as a new and stronger strand of flu like sickness comes along. These viruses are met with vaccines that are swiftly made by the World Health Organization. The problem with the way that vaccines are made is, the World Health Organization not only makes the vaccines but also deems the vaccines safe. Since they are responsible for making and deeming the vaccines safe, mistakes can lead to mass deaths. For this reason there should be checks and balances where other agencies test the vaccines for potential threat of mental illness, dangerous ingredients, and death. This system is definitely due for an complete overhaul due to the lives of the families that are affected.
Sufficient data shows that vaccines has made a major improvement in decreasing suffering and death of infectious diseases and syndrome. And yet, despite the mounting evidence that reassure the safety and value of vaccination, public health continuous faces the dilemma over individual choice, autonomy and protection of the entire population at risk. Children in developing countries now have more access to vaccines, yet, the debate continue over the requirement, including mandates immunization during public health emergency and school-aged. This paper addresses the framework for policy and laws that are associated with immunization that protect our children from infectious diseases.
Simply put, the route of immunization is the path used to introduce the immunization to a person’s body. There are several standard methods of immunization and administering a vaccine via the correct route is a critical factor to the success of the immunization. Typically, vaccines are given intramuscularly, subcutaneously, by intradermal injection (the topmost layer of skin), orally, or intranasal via nasal spray. Vaccines
Although there is two vaccinations, an injection and a nose spray, the injection is more reliable. A main reason it is more reliable is because the nose spray inserts a live virus into the body system causing the body’s immune system to already be lower than expectations. The injections inserts the vaccine straight into the bloodstream giving faster access to adjust and spread throughout your body. Your body will be safer and healthier through this vaccine. This simple vaccine will protect you from the horror described.
Vaccines are considered the number one health achievement of the twentieth century ("Achievements in Public Health”). Mass vaccinations and the herd immunity they provide are believed to have saved countless lives since their introduction. On average it takes the body a week or longer to detect, identify, and build up antibodies to unknown microbes. For some diseases a week is long enough to inflict lasting
The down fall to these vaccinations are the side effects. Most of them are mild ones such as redness, soreness, or inflammation of the injection site. Some others may cause nausea, fever, or things on them lines, but the bottom line is that you’re not going to get a much more serious disease that could
Over the past seventy years, a major practical problem in medical science was dealing with infectious diseases. Many human communicable infections are caused by microscopic organisms either bacteria or viruses. Immunization is the most outstanding and cost effective means for fighting infection caused by micro -organisms (Ragan & Duffy, 2012, p.22). Like every medication, vaccines have benefits and risks, and although highly effective, no vaccine is 100 percent safe in all individuals. However, adverse side effects of vaccination are significantly less than the risk of the serious illnesses caused by infectious diseases. The effectiveness of immunization
Something that takes around a minute to get could possibly just save a human life, vaccines. A vaccination is just a shot or something else that helps prevent a body from attracting diseases and illness that can possibly cause harm and is needed to keep the body healthy. It is important to try and at least every year be vaccinated, the National Foundation of Infectious Diseases states, "Virus and bacteria that cause illness and death still exist and can be passed on to those who are not protected by vaccines" ("Top Reasons to Get Vaccinated"). The sickness serves as a threat to others around and keeps everyone healthy because even the simplest disease could cause harm. In today's busy world it seems like no one has the time to get sick, nor the money. Vaccinations save time due to having a simple shot before the sickness can even come and no expensive hospital visits.
This paper examines the controversy surrounding the public health issue of vaccinations in children. Following a careful review of the literature surrounding this issue, the possible reasons for and implications of having a large percentage of the population who remains unvaccinated are discussed. Possible interventions and purposed interventions for resolution of this problem are discussed and conclusions are drawn based on what it learned from the literature.
It is well publicized that preventing diseases is one of the most effective ways of controlling the cost of health care. In pediatrics, vaccinations are arguably the poster child of preventative medicine. From the public health perspective, unvaccinated or undervaccinated children who contract vaccine-preventable diseases greatly increase health care costs. For most childhood vaccines, Healthy People 2020 has set 90% as the target for vaccination coverage. In my current clinic, the documentation required for the administration of each vaccine typically involves 1) updating the clinic’s inventory 2) documenting the vaccine administration in the patient’s medical record and 3) documenting the vaccine administration in the state immunization information system (IIS). Mistakes can and do happen in each
Measles. Polio. Smallpox. The flu. Imagine the world when vaccines were yet to be created. There was a time when people lived in fear of dreadful diseases. Thanks to the introduction of vaccines, many of those devastating diseases have been nearly or completely wiped out. Despite these results, for some people, the question remains: should we vaccinate? Today, I will be discussing the development of the first vaccine, global benefits, and the anti-vaccine movement.