What Are The Rules Of Phonology

Reading is an acquired skill, developed through explicit teaching and founded upon a child’s innate ability to hear and process sounds from birth. Beginning at birth exposure to oral language, gestures and the functions of communication (Fellows & Oakley, 2010 p.165) allows exploration of sounds and words and their connection to each other, and introduces cue systems that will later assist in decoding complex text as development of reading ability occurs. Cue systems including linguistic rules of speech, such as grammatical, pragmatic, semantic and syntactic structures (McDevitt & Ormrod, 2004, p. 324), provide readers with strategies and knowledge for comprehension and phonological awareness (Gascoigne, 2005, p. 1). Rich language exchanges

phonology - rules relating to the sounds of words and their constituent vowels and consonants.

On January 30, 2018, at 2:00p.m., my newsletter presentation was given to four teachers in the exceptional children’s department at Douglas Byrd High School. It was important for me to review the newsletter with my coworkers because our work team is currently in the process of gathering new information for the start of the new semester which began on January 26, 2018. The age range of the students in our department range from 15-19 years of age; however, because of their varied learning disabilities and function levels, we use a lot of beginning reader teaching methods in an effort to work more effectively with all of our students.

Increasing Kara-lynn’s speech intelligibility will be the primary target of treatment. The multiple oppositions approach with maximally distinct targets will be utilized to treat Kara-lynn’s phoneme collapses into /d/. She collapses multiple phonemes into /d/ in word initial, medial, and final positions including some stops, fricatives, and consonant clusters. The multiple oppositions approach targets phoneme collapse by simultaneously contrasting the errored sounds with the target sounds .This helps the child recognize their own patterns of error and make widespread changes to their sound system as a whole(consider adding reference).

One of the main factors that affects our understanding of the language is one’s regional accent. Although most words and phrases will be comprehensible some phonetics may have changed so much that all we can do is hope that the context of what has been said makes sense in order for us to ‘fill in the gaps’.

The Latin alphabet includes several distinct accent marks and letters. These marks and letters soften, lengthen, or sometimes completely change the sound.

1. ELL students need to be familiar with the sounds of English before they can develop phonological awareness. 2. Instruction needs to be explicit, modifications made, and practice needs to be given when needed. 3. Once phonological awareness has developed in any language, then it can be transferred to other languages that are learned.  4. Teachers should frequently model the production of sounds. 5. Beginning readers should get help to learn to identify sounds in short words.

The literacy rates among fourth grade students in America are sobering. Sixty six percent of all U.S. fourth graders scored "below proficient" on the 2013 NAEP reading test, meaning that they are not reading at grade level. Even more alarming is the fact that among students from low-income backgrounds, 80 percent score below grade level in reading (Students First, 2014).

I would like you to imagine being in a country where your family has moved but you have never visited before. You do not speak the language. Every word you hear except from the small portion of your family is unfamiliar and confusing. There is no implicit definition for many of these syllables and even if there were, you would not know it, but this culture intrigues you. These people live a life like you have never seen.

Phonology – use of sounds and how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.

The third chapter of Don P. Ester's book, Sound Connections, introduces many systems for teaching pitch and rhythm. The chapter discusses the benefits and disadvantages of the many systems, such as, Ester starts by introducing his idea of the criteria for selecting effective syllable systems. One of his many points is, “The syllables must connect very efficiently with the aural syntax of music, allowing the learner to easily link syllables to patterns before encountering notation.” The next being “The syllables must eventually link to musical symbols in a practical and intuitive manner.” The last being, “The syllables should be appropriate for use with all ages.” Ester also outlines specific guidelines for tonal and rhythmic systems that vary from each other. The most successful systems chosen by Ester meet these criteria points, and are outlined as to why they are the most successful.

( pg 216) Assonance- A sound that is similar with vowels and consonants that are not the same.

Phonics is described as “understanding letter-sound relationships, as well as larger letter pattern/sound pattern relationships” (Ruddell, 2009). Though in my opinion there is a lot more to phonics than this. There are several aspects to phonics, different types of phonics, negatives to the idea, and several ways to teach it. In this paper I will address all of these based on research I found, the discussion I had with my peers, and my own opinion.

For this assessment I have been required to compare English with another language. I have decided to choose Mandarin as my language of choice. A major elements of languages will be compared in this essay. That being phonology. Phonology is defined as being “the study of the way speech sounds form patterns”.(Victoria Fromkin 2009). As (Hammond 1999) describes, every spoken language has a unique system whereby sounds are organised. This unique pattern of pattern can be termed phonology and varies widely in geographical and social differences.

Every language constitutes its own sound system, and this sound system is a very important aspect when learning or studying a language. Along with this sound system are the prosodic features of a language. This study is about the phonological system and the prosodic features of