What Are The Stages Of Parkinson's Disease

By the time someone shows signs and symptoms of Parkinson 's, Dopamine production in the brain has been reduced by 60 to 80% and is fairly advanced. This results in the most recognizable sign of Parkinson 's disease, the resting tremor of the hand or hands. During deliberate movement, the resting tremor goes away, at first. At rest, the tremor will become exacerbated,

This disease is broken down into three stages the first being preclinical Alzheimer's disease, then mild cognitive impairment and lastly, dementia. During the first stage, changes in the brain start to occur and symptoms such as confusion begin. In the second stage, an individual is likely to still perform daily tasks on their own although symptoms of the disease are becoming more noticeable. During the last stage, which is dementia, an individual is typically dependent on a caretaker at this point.

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the central Nervous system and affects both motor and nonmotor functions. parkinson 's is caused by a chemical imbalance within the brain. The brain produces a neurotransmitter called dopamine in the basal ganglia, which is structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain. If the Dopamine, Basal ganglia and Thalamus does not function properly then causes major damage,. A person having less and less dopamine, the individual has less and less ability to regulate their movements, body and emotions. Although there is no current cure available for Parkinson’s disease, the debilitating conditions can be lessoned through education, therapy, and a variety of treatments to improve their quality of life on the National Parkinson Foundation website.

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders. and it affects approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years old. Parkinson’s disease is a condition that progresses slowly by treatment. In addition, loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantianigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewyneurites are the two major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016).

Many people around the world today suffer from Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders. A movement disorder is a disorder impairing the speed, fluency, quality, and ease of movement. There are many types of movement disorders such as impaired fluency and speed of movement (dyskinesia), excessive movements (hyperkinesia), and slurred movements (hypokinesia). Some types of movement disorders are ataxia, a lack of coordination, Huntington's disease, multiple system atrophies, myoclonus, brief, rapid outbursts of movement, progressive supranuclear palsy, restless legs syndrome, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, tics, Tourette's syndrome, tremor, Wilson disease, dystonia, which causes involuntary body movement, and Parkinson's disease. Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, and tics are one of the most widely known of these disorders, known to impair people of movements and rob them of their lives.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that affects the motor system. It is marked by tremor at rest, muscular rigidity, postural instability, and slow, imprecise movement. The most obvious symptoms are movement related, which include; shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, difficult with walking, balance, and gait. Other motor symptoms include: posture disturbances, such as a decrease in arm swing, a forward flexed posture, and the use of small steps when walking. Speech and swallowing disturbances are also common motor problems that can appear as well to a patient with Parkinson's disease. Young adults rarely experience Parkinson's disease because it is more common to affect

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement. The loss of dopamine neurons in the mid-brain substantia nigra region leads to Parkinson’s, in which a person has rigidity, slowness of movement, postural instability, and typically a resting tremor. It develops gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. But while a tremor may be the most common sign of Parkinson’s disease, the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of

The main clinical manifestation that Mr. Cane has presented with can be identified through assessing the pathophysiology of PD. When assessing the case study in Appendix A, the clinical presentation that he is displaying includes bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity.

The most common sign of Parkinson’s is shaking of a patients body, most commonly the hands. With time these symptoms worsen and can become as serious as having difficulty swallowing in the later stages of the disease (WebMD, 2014). The symptoms that occur in between these two stages vary greatly. A symptom that develops shortly after the beginning stage is bradykinesia, slow movement (Mayo Clinic, 2014). This affects a person’s ability to walk or even the capability to get out of bed. Another symptom such as muscle rigidity occurs in numerous patients. This muscle stiffness can arise in any part of a victim’s body. This decreases a person’s area of movement because of the immense amount irritation that takes place.

A diagnosis of Parkinson's can take time. A family doctor might notice it first. You may be referred to a neurologist a specialist who deals with Parkinson's. There are no x-rays or tests to confirm Parkinson's. So the neurologist will check your medical history, do a careful physical examination and certain tests, and rule out other conditions which may resemble

Symptom severity varies person-to-person and early signs sometimes go unnoticed. Usually the symptoms will begin unilaterally and eventually progress to both sides, with the original side remaining worse (Tagliati, 2007). People with PD also have a slumped posture with an abnormally slow gait with shuffling feet. They also may suffer from an issue called freezing. Freezing causes the person to be frozen in place involuntarily for a moment (National Parkinson’s Foundation). Because Parkinson’s causes bradykinesia, or slowing in motion, everyday task take more energy and time to complete. Tasks that seem simple to the healthy individual like getting out of bed is an accomplishment to those suffering with this disease.

This paper is limited to Parkinson’s Disease. Parkinson’s Disease was thoroughly researched and will be described in depth including: physiology, etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, therapeutic measures, and short vs. long term effects.

The first common associated effect is thinking difficulties most commonly known as dementia, this symptom occurs more frequently in the later stages and have no response to any form of treatment. The next common associated effect is depression and emotional changes, this can be caused because the affect that this disease has on the human body and can be treated with normal depression medications and treatment. The next common associated effect is swallowing problems, as Parkinson’s disease continues in its stages the patient will start to have difficulties with their ability to swallow and may cause the patient to drool. Another common associated effect is sleep disorders, this causes patients to wake up multiple times through the night and waking up before they are supposed to but also falling asleep during daytime hours. A common associated effect may also be bladder problems, this can cause the inability to control the release of urine but also complications with urination. Another common associated effect is constipation, Parkinson’s disease can cause a slowing of the digestive tract and this will lead to the patient have problems with constipation. The next common associated effect is blood pressure changes, most patients with Parkinson’s disease will have difficulties with orthostatic hypotension. The next common associated effect is smell dysfunction, this causes difficulties with the patient’s sense of smell and determining certain odors. Another common associated effect is fatigue, most patients with Parkinson’s disease have extreme fatigue and have yet to determine the cause of this effect. Another common associated effect is pain, again most patients with Parkinson’s disease are plagued with pain that can be systemic or localized. The final common associated effect is sexual dysfunction, this effect does not occur in most patients however in the patients that it does occur in their sexual

Most people think Parkinson’s is just an old person’s disease, but in fact there are 3 types of Parkinson’s and each one affects a different age group. To start and least common of the types is, Juvenile Parkinson’s Disease which happens before the age of twenty one. Next, Young Onset Parkinson’s Disease; this occurs between ages twenty one to forty. This varies depending on where you are in the world. In the U.S., this is not very common. In Japan, it’s a big majority of the people with Parkinson’s. The most common of the types is called Adult-Onset Parkinson’s Disease. Most common age associated with Adult-Onset PD is sixty years old and the chance of getting PD

Despite the number of studies that have been dedicated to investigating the factors that affect partial measurement invariance (Kaplan & George, 1995); there continues to be uncertainty in the proportion of noninvariant items permitted on a scale that will lead to valid statistical conclusions (Donahue, 2006). The number of items ranges from as little as one invariant item (Byrne, Shavelson, & Muthen, 1989; Steenkamp & Baumgartner, 1998) to one-half of the items (Reise, Widaman & Pugh, 1993;) to full scalar invariance (Bollen, 1989; Horn & McArdle, 1992) for meaningful interpretations of latent mean differences.