What Does New Zealanders Spend Their Time At Sport And Leisure?

Australia’s sporting identity was built upon the back of colonial differentiation, sensationalist media coverage and some early Olympic success at a time when sport at the global level was still the domain of the rich and idle. The prevailing cultural identity suggests Australia still perceives itself as a ‘sports mad’ society, however, a deeper look at the statistics surrounding Australian sport would suggest this identity is not reality and that cultural identity is now drawn from a much broader field including multiculturalism, politics, academic, scientific and artistic endeavour.

As the nation’s gender inequality continues to diminish, things like sports stereotypes, and labour force conflict cannot be understood without understanding the term of identity. Identity work is explained by Schwalbe and Mason-Schrock in 1996 as “anything people do, individually or collectively, to give meaning to themselves or others” (as cited in Ezzell, 2009, p. 1). I propose to examine inequality based on gender identity and in depth the process of stereotype issues, - how people construct stereotypes in gender inequality in the context of sport- among women Rugby. The academic literatures are based on gender identity/ inequality, where it provides many examples of individuals deflecting the norms “by ... creat[ing] a unique identity as heterosexy-fit— simultaneously tough, heterosexual, and conventionally attractive” (Ezzell, 2009, p. 14). With the intention of deflecting/ creating an exception to these norms, it only creates greater issues as not only does society view them in a certain way, but also the player themselves. The overarching goal of the proposal is to address the social issue and understand why society to this date gives harsh views towards women’s rugby with a common stereotypical view. As an illustration the views were described by Ezzell (2009) who conducted a personal communication with some female rugby players who stated that other views them as: “scary, butch lesbians,” “she-males,” “he-shes,” “lesbian man-beasts,” and “butch,

Australia is widely regarded as both characterised and united by sport. Sport has an elevated place in Australia's official and popular national culture, and the country’s reputation for being a 'paradise of sport' has become a largely unquestioned aspect of the Australian way of life. Gender is a social construct that outlines the roles, behaviours, characteristics and actions that a specific society deems appropriate for men and women (WHO, 2014). The established relationship between gender equality and sport is a widely regarded issue in not only Australia, but all around the world. Gender equality is achieved when women and men enjoy the same rights and opportunities across all sectors of society, including sport and physical recreation

As a young country, Australia feels like they have to prove themselves, and they reckon the best way for them to do that is on the competitive playing field(2). The nation’s character and identity always seems to be on trial during international sporting events, and the nation prides themselves on international victory. Victories against England and the United States are especially sweet to Australians because of their relationship with these superpower countries. Matches against New Zealand are also of the utmost importance to Australians pride because of the proximity of their neighboring country. Issues of national identity are always at stake when Australia competes against these countries.

Good morning Mrs Fisher, fellow classmates and scholars. Today I present to you sports in the 90’s. Popular culture refers to the entirety of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, images, and other phenomena that are within the mainstream of a given culture. Sports fits into this genre as it was a great part of society in the 90’s that shaped us as a community and how we as Australians were labelled and seen by the rest of the world. The influence of overseas developments on Australian culture greatly shaped our society in the 90’s. The way that sports in other countries around the world changed and developed had an impact on how Australians went about watching and participating in many different sports. The

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were a time of immense change in Europe. Germany had recently unified, destabilizing the centuries-old balance of power. The second industrial revolution was in full swing, and Europeans thrilled to the latest inventions, from the skyscraper, the first airplanes, and, most ominously, to the machine guns of Maxim and Krupp. During this time, Europeans perceived sports in a number of ways. First of all, many saw sports as an arena to train their nations for war. Secondly, others saw sports as a unifying principle around which to build nationalism and ethnic identity. Finally, many simply saw sports simply as a healthy and productive activity.

Upon analysing equity and access in sport, it is important that I am aware of what levels of the framework have influenced my sport participation. In Queensland especially, the sport of AFL comes with primarily negative connotations. These preconceived notions about the sport and the cultural have had a negative effect on my participation and approach towards the sport. Gender stereotypes have also been a deterrent in my participation. Sports, such as AFL, require participants to be competitive, courageous, powerful and strong. These qualities are largely associated with male gender stereotypes. Sport reinforces hegemonic masculinity by celebrating stereotypically masculine and activities and attributes, and restricting the behaviour of women.

The end of World War II, Australia had started to change such as the technology and many more. Sport was one the many big changes in Australia after the WWII, sport have been a part of Australian culture since the first fleet. From around the 1945’s till present Australia has achieved many achievements and had thrived on all types of sporting activities. The history of the Australian Sport is a journey covering more than one hundred and twenty years of sport. Sport is a very important part of Australia. Early sports that were played in Australia were cricket, Rugby League, Football, AUS rules football, Rugby, horse racing and netball. Sport evolved with Australian identity through events like Phar Lap. Sport came to Australia in the 1810’s

Since colonial times, sporting successes especially in cricket have assisted the emerging nation of Australia to establish its identity. The prevalence of cricket in Australia constitutes what Markovits and Hellerman (2001) coin a, “hegemonic sports culture”, and subsequently represents an influential part of Australian culture. However, the modernity discourse undermines the degree to which Australian identity is taking into account British Legacy.Today the Australian culture is comprised of a differing scope of encounters, nationalities and cultures, subsequently confounding the idea that Australian identity is based on British heritage. The verbose accentuation set on Australia’s

Moore begins his paper in a chronological manner, telling us of the history of Australian Rugby and Labour. Rather than beginning with any thorough analysis, he begins by linking the Rugby League to the Labour Movements simply by informing the reader of several League players who also had significant links to the Labour Movement. Moore asserts that this linkage is not simply correlation, but rather causation when he states that “Rugby league was part of the making of a labour life.” (Moore, 57). Moore then continues this point by informing the reader of more connections of labour union members with sports, and shares several anecdotes such as “Pat Clancy, long term secretary of the Building Workers ' Industrial Union, organised union meetings so that he would not miss radio broadcasts of the South Sydney Rabbitohs ' games.” (Moore, 57).

Sport plays a huge role in today’s society. It contributes to one’s health and fitness, social interaction, social and motor skills, patriotism, fun and entertainment. It also stimulates the economy and tourism leading to interaction between different cultures, for example the Olympics, and sport role models. Sports clearly are an important part of cultures and societies around the world as such events as the Olympics

Women’s participation in sports has changed over the centuries. In ancient times, men dominated societies. Women were viewed as the caretaker, a provider for life. Women who did participate were criticized and were thought of as threatening. In 18th century America, women were considered inferior to men because of the belief that women are the weaker sex. A woman’s purpose in life was to take care of the house, children, and husband. When they did want to participate in recreational sport, they need to be able to negotiate with men and with other women because societies did not make it easy for women to participate. For example, there was a

The period of 1865 to 1950 was critical to the formation of “Modern” sport that is recognized today. In an article by Allen Guttmann titled From Ritual to Record: the nature of modern sport, Guttmann outlines seven characteristics that played a central role in the development of sports. These concepts were created as a sociological history of sports and took into place both American and European competitions. Guttmann’s notions of secularism, rationalization, bureaucracy and quantification, among others, all advanced the culture of sports; yet the most important of the stated characteristics is equality.

The focus of this theory is based on the idea that society consists of patterns of interdependencies among individuals and group sports are exciting activities that alleviate boredom and that manages aggression. Research focuses on developing knowledge that presents valid pictures of reality. “Culture, Civilization and the Sociology of Sport”, centers around discussions of work that the author (Dunning, 1992) and a number of colleagues at the University of Leicester conducted on sports in relation to what their late Norbert Elias (1939) called the theory of the 'Civilizing process". It begins by outlining some of the basic assumptions of the figurational approach from (Mennell, 1989) which this work is

FQ 1. To what extent did the choice not to ban the Springbok tour to NZ and other racist tours that occurred between New Zealand and South Africa impact New Zealanders and effect the South African/ New Zealand sporting relations?