What Is A Practical Checklist Which May Improve The Effectiveness Of Ethics Training

Ethics training is to be provided to each and every employee on an annual basis. New employees are expected to take this training within the first thirty days of their start date. Failure to successfully complete training will result in disciplinary action up to and including

Through Validity, Bias and usefulness, we are able to determine how well the source can aid the research. The usefulness of

Egger & Davey Smith identified four different types of bias in systematic review, locating, selecting, appraising, and synthesizing studies (Egger & Davey Smith, 1998). Locating bias deals with how much effort researcher are willing to expend to locate and obtain research papers. For instance Schlosser noted that Grey literature which he described as documents produced and published by governmental agencies and academic institutions that are not distributed or indexed by commercial publishers are difficult to locate and obtain and as a result of this some researcher do not include them in their review (Schlosser, 2007). Selecting or source bias according to Egger & Davey Smith may come in various forms “associated with the types of sources consulted, including (a) database bias, (b) source selection bias, and (c) publication bias (Egger & Davey Smith, 1998). Database bias could be as a result of the researcher relied on the wrong databases or even rely on a few databases. Source selection often arises when authors or systematic review relied solely on published research without consulting non-published research. Schlosser emphasized that in the process of systematic review authors should make “serious attempt to locate unpublished studies, including conference proceedings, unpublished theses and dissertations, and other grey literature” (Schlosser, 2007). Rothstein, Sutton, & Borenstein

However, the pitfalls of the study are also included in this section as well as the factors that limited the study. This section should however, compare the results with those from other similar studies. Yet for this paper, that part was lacking. Besides, the paper discussed the potential limitations to the research as well as the strengths of the study (Viktrup, 2002). The study’s implication is also inclusive and is clearly structured and helpful. Finally, the paper had a conclusion that contained a summary and the recommendations.

Daymond et al (2011) were of opinion that literature review of a research should be done using a wide range of high quality literatures. On the other hand, Creswell (2007) argued that although an extensive literature review is important, outdated literatures could affect the result and findings of the study. The researchers offered unbiased and overt review by acknowledging the views of many authors and arguments about the problem of the study.

Note: Remember to view the information you have obtained for potential bias. This is from the perspective of your own bias to the research and the bias of the authors who compiled the data and the research you gathered. In other words, do not discount the importance of other’s data because of your own bias(is).

Additionally, 17 relevant studies from the earlier report were included and reviewed. A second investigator verified the data abstraction, and two researchers using industry recognized standardized tools performed quality ratings independently. Guideline recommendations were made based on a systematic evaluation of the of evidence quality and recommendation strength. Expert consensus was used when conclusive data was unavailable. Prior to publication, a draft of the CPG was reviewed by additional AAP committees, designated outside organizations recognized experts in pertinent fields, and Subcommittee members were urged to disseminate the draft to stakeholders in their practices for additional review. (CITE

This study was limited due to the small sample size. Although the conclusions are valid, more research with a

The reason behind the choice of data sources are the diversity of research data gathered. As the researcher aimed to provide a non-biased review that

The systematic /meta-analyses review, categorized three of the sixteen studies to poor quality, as they had an attrition rate greater than twenty percent (Pattini et al., 2013). Attrition is when subjects drop out of a study and this affects the internal validity (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2015). One study did not have adequate sample size (Selinger et al., 2013). The studies in the systematic review/meta-analysis were limited to English, and that led to publication

Citation bias is likely to be encountered in explanatory research designs because through them, causal hypotheses can be investigated, analyzed, tested, and published. Explanatory research investigates why certain variables are related and it tries to look into the causes of certain phenomena. However, in the process of publication of the findings, some researchers are likely to concentrate on positive results alone and ignore the negative ones (Riegelman, 2005).

Each selected article was assessed for quality completed separately by the previous two authors using the Cochrane Back Review Group risk of bias criteria; greater than 6/12 indicated high quality or low risk of bias.8 The results from this assessment were included in the meta-analysis, in addition to another table with each study’s characteristics and results.

Again there are limitations of the finding. The most concerning is the sample size. The low participation rate of 13.3% was not acknowledged or that the authors considered extending the study length to help improve recruitment. This may introduce random error from sampling variability, which increases as sample size decrease (Pannucci and Wilkins, 2010).

When pursuing a college degree, ethics is tailored to the course being taught, i.e. Accounting, Finance, and Economics to name a few. Ethics does not appear to be offered as a separate required course for all disciplines, which raises such questions as, is there a need for an ethics course? Do students know enough about ethics for ethical thinking and action? Ethics encompasses a set of principles, philosophy, or theory relating to principles. Knowing how to best resolve difficult ethical dilemmas is never easy especially when any choice violates the societal and ethical standards we have been taught to govern our lives. Ethics is important and goes beyond common sense. However, if ethics were black and white, it would be simpler for all human beings. It can be unclear and subject to personal interpretation and unfortunately once an individual has made a decision or has taken a position they tend to reject what undermines their decision or contradicts their position.

The detailed selection process of the included studies can be found in Figure 1. Each database was searched individually, but the total number of hits was 2,919, of which 2,223 articles remained after deduplication. After applying our predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria to the titles and abstracts of these papers, 38 remained for full text review by the two reviewers. The manual-search of the reference lists revealed seven more studies which did not appear during the electronic searches. At the end of the screening and selection process twenty-two studies (twenty-four published papers) met our inclusion criteria and were included at this systematic review.