What Is An Algorithm That Exploit The Sensor Network Lifetime?

Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF): Geographic Adaptive Fidelity is an energy-aware location based routing algorithm planned for mobile ad-hoc networks but has been used to WSNs. Geographic Adaptive Fidelity conserving energy by switching off redundant sensors nodes. In this routing protocol, the entire network is classified into number of static zones and a virtual grid is made for the covered region. Every node utilizes its GPS-indicated location to link itself with a point in the virtual grid. Nodes linked to the same point on the grid are assumed equivalent with respect to packet routing costs. Nodes within a zone cooperate by choosing one node to show the zone for a period of time whereas the rest of the nodes sleep. A sample situation is considered from

The Hierarchical Power Aware Routing (HPAR) is a power aware routing protocol that divides the network into a group of sensors called zones [12]. In this, the cluster zones are formatted, then the decision is made that how message is routed so the battery life can be maximized. This protocol provides an approximation algorithm called max-min ZPmin algorithm. In this algorithm by applying Dijkshtra algorithm the path who consumes less power is found. Then the second path is found that maximizes the minimal residual power. The advantage is that it provides both transmission power and maximizes battery

Proposed algorithm consider three types of nodes every type have different initial energy level. normal nodes have E_0 energy. m advanced nodes have a times energy more than normal nodes with E_0 (1+a) energy level. m_0 super nodes have b times energy more than normal nodes with E_0 (1+b) energy level, where a and b are energy factors. As N is the number of total nodes in network, then for number of normal nodes, advanced nodes and super nodes N(1-m) , Nm〖(1-m〗_0) and Nmm_0 in the network, respectively.

In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed DCHS algorithm, we compare MILP with the energy consumption and delay constrained routing protocol.

In order to avoid this problem, a technique called probability distribution algorithm is introduced. In probability distribution algorithm, the random traffic between the primary network users are analyzed. The nearby nodes behaviors are learnt by the secondary node. The probability of the traffic in the neighboring nodes are studied by the node that tries to transmit data. When the traffic is free then the secondary node establishes the connection. If there is traffic then the secondary node searches for other nodes. Thus the data transmission occurs in this CR

A goal of redundant topologies is to eliminate network down time caused by a single point of failure. All networks need redundancy for enhanced reliability. Network reliability is achieved through reliable equipment and network designs that are tolerant to failures and faults. Networks should be designed to reconverge rapidly so that the fault is bypassed.

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

The conceptual framework for the deployed system is given bellow. The framework contains one Coordinator which is connected to the control station computer through USB cable, four routers and three sensor devices. Data packets from the sensor device are transmitted to the coordinator via multi-hop routing.

routing. In this chapter, we introduce some popular routing protocols in each of the three

A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain multiple types of memory (program, data and flash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14]. Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.

IPv6 uses NDP (Neighbor Discovery Protocol) to find the MAC address. NDP manages interaction between nodes via message exchanges. These messages provide the data necessary for the processes of host auto configuration and packet transmission on a local link. Host auto configuration involves separate tasks of Parameter discovery, address auto configuration and duplicate address detection. Packet discovery is facilitated through router discovery process. It obtains the necessary parameters required for host configuration. Duplicate address detection is used to detect the presence of duplicate addresses on the same link. Packet transmission process requires data which can be obtained by router discovery, prefix discovery, address resolution, neighbor

The Internet even more concern is the safety. If this work is to migrate to the "incipient" IPv6, the controversy over the safety in the middle of the IPv4 users is hope to solve the quandaries, and along with other constraint. For the present work, we additionally experience traditional three-layer protocols, which include scanners, the denial of accommodation attacks, man in the middle attacks or what the content of the protocol or application. In a series of nine different scenarios, proves that he from this study has several IPv6 only network implemented in the CCENT laboratory at Syracuse University. Both issues is documented and described. The Conclusions and recommendations reviews at the terminus.[10]

In the case of multi-level energies, the node energy is randomly selected in the range of $[E_0, E_0 {\scriptstyle\times} (1 + \alpha)]$, while the role of cluster head is rotated among all the nodes for better load balancing on the network. In \cite{Aderohunmu2010}, SEP-E is proposed which considers three levels of heterogeneous nodes: normal, intermediate, and advanced nodes where each level has an election probability higher than the preceding one depending on the amount of initial energy as in SEP. However, an improved version is introduced in \cite{Singh2013} called ESEP-E which optimizes the cluster head election probability by considering both the initial energy as in SEP and residual energy as in DEEC protocol. The weighted election probabilities for the three-level are given as follows:

The application of 6LoWPAN ranges from home to military application to medical field. It is also used in smart metering and for industrial automation, energy efficiency, better security systems and vehicular automation. One interesting example application of 6LoWPAN is in facility management, which is the management of large facilities using a combination of building automation, asset management and other embedded systems. The devices in the 6LoWPAN network need to have a appropriate routing mechanism in order to be able to route keeping in mind the constraints in the devices such as memory and power. The protocols should try to minimize the energy usage and improve the lifetime of the entire network. When the concept of link quality is combined with the routing protocols the lifetime of the network is always greatly enhanced. There are many protocols of which hierarchical routing protocol introduces hierarchical routing in 6LoWPAN. Thus, we

However, there are many limitations with DTN’s. For example, asynchronous connectivity among the devices makes it necessary for the sensors to forward messages via relays or alternate paths to ensure delivery, or they need to store and forward the packets opportunistically until they reach the destination. This very often results in huge transmission delay, high overhead or low delivery rate. Taking into consideration the constraints on remote sensing devices, such as battery power, storage capacity, processing power, and communication bandwidth can affect the network performance and successful message delivery rate. Hence there is a need for routing protocols of DTNs be enabled to adapt according to network variations and effectively use the existing resources. Recent studies show that the most of existing protocols for DTNs look very similar in concepts; however, their performance significantly differs from each other. Epidemic [5] is a robust algorithm as it floods packets to all devices in the network. Spray and Wait [6], a modified version of Epidemic, controls flooding of messages forwarded. It simply limits the amount of messages that can be forwarded International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol. 7, No. 3, June 2015 56. The