What Is Archeology?

These strands give each any every person a unique genetic code, different from the rest of the world. “99.9% of the DNA from two people will be identical. The 0.1% of DNA code sequences that vary from person to person are what make us unique,” (BBC. 2013). The advancements started in the late 1900’s. Scientists were using programs to help identify DNA. Eventually a forensic board opened in 1990, setting a standard of laws and standards that the new base of technology would have to follow. DNA identifying is a cellular biology process. It takes place by using a sample of DNA, usually one from the potential criminal found at the crime scene or a victim's body, then “the DNA is isolated from the cells and millions of copies are made, using a method called 'polymerase chain reaction', or PCR. PCR uses a naturally occurring enzyme to copy a specific stretch of DNA over and over again. Having lots of DNA makes the genetic code easier to analyse. The DNA molecules are then split at particular locations to separate them into known 'chunks' and the code at those specific points is analysed to create a DNA fingerprint,” (BBC, UK 2014). DNA forensic technologies have made some very important advancements. Such as freeing David Vasquez, a wrongly convicted man of one of serial killer Timothy Wilson Spencer’s crimes. DNA testing has also made historical advancements proving that Anna Anderson who had famously claimed to be the Grand Duchess Anastasia, the only survivor of the Russian royal family. After Anderson died, DNA tests proved she was no relation to the Imperial family.Forensic testing is usually broken down into two ways. First is Y-marker analysis, used when men are involved and often sexual assault cases. As its name suggests, this technique examines several genetic markers found on the Y chromosome. Scientists look into the Y gene and

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic corrosive is an atom that conveys a large portion of the hereditary guidelines utilized as a part of the improvement, working and propagation of all known living creatures and numerous infections. The National Institutes of Health and Welcome Trust from the London UK and Craig Vendor of Celera Genomics from Maryland USA at the same time exhibited the grouping of human DNA in June of 2000, finishing the first significant attempt of the Human Genome Project (HGP) (Ridley 2). As researchers connection human attributes to qualities fragments of DNA found on one or a greater amount of the 23 human

(PCR), which isolates small fragments of DNA that have a high degree of variability from

Today in the crime world, DNA evidence is strongly accepted in solving crime cases. This is all based in part by allowing a crime laboratory to have a designated unit whose main goal is to analyze DNA evidence to aid investigators with positive outcomes in crime case solving. With that being said we are going to discuss the functions of a DNA unit within a crime lab as well as address the vital role these units play in solving crime.

The DNA contains the information needed to make up our body and even our hands.

Due to the uniqueness of DNA it has become a powerful tool in criminal investigations

DNA was only gaining momentum in 1980, when Sir Alec Jeffreys discovered something that would change our world, DNA Profiling. DNA profiling is the use or extraction of human cells to be profiled. Whether they are fresh or dried-out, the cells can be tested. (Suzanne Elvidge, “Forensic Cases: Colin Pitchfork, First Exoneration Through DNA”) Sir Jeffreys first started the process of discovering genomics ability to advance our society by applying this to different types of DNA. By doing so, Jeffreys discovered that there are billions of variations in DNA sequences. In fact, the human body has 10 million different sites at which one person’s DNA sequence can vary from another’s. (University of Leicester, “The Science Behind Genetic Fingerprinting”) Jeffreys’ discovery then allowed for DNA profiling to be used in the United Kingdom, where Sir Jeffreys conducted his research. With the research and testing performed in Europe, DNA profiling was now applicable in the United States. Detectives such as Joe Horgas took advantage of this

In order to analyze DNA, scientists require a sample of the individual being tested, such as blood, semen, or hair, before they can create a genetic profile of the person (Petricevic 1). Scientists can then analyze those samples using a

wonder what exactly is DNA? DNA is a term used for deoxyribonucleic acid and it

The polymerase chain reaction or PCR for short can be used to create many copies of DNA. This allows the DNA to then be visualized using a dye like ethidium bromide after gel electrophoresis. The process has been refined over the years, however the basic steps are similar.

Every day DNA technology becomes more advanced and innovative, for example can match the smallest amounts of biological evidence to a criminal offender. Future DNA techniques will be applied to existing systems and testing methods that will become more automated and will be more effective and less time consuming. Instead of waiting months of DNA results the future will provide instantaneous means for DNA profile development.

“Deoxyribonucleic Acid, also known as (DNA), was first introduced in the 1800 by Alphonse Bertillon, a French Anthropologist. DNA, which defines the hereditary make-up found in humans and other living organisms, can be obtained from the blood, saliva, sweat, hair, and urine. DNA profiling was mainly used as a method of determining paternity.” (Cormier, 2005). In 1986, DNA was first introduced into the courts when investigator’s in England asked molecular biologist, Alec Jeffreys, to use DNA to verify the innocence of a 17 year-old boy. He had been identified as a perpetrator in two rape-murder cases in the English Midlands. The tests proved that the teenager was in fact innocent and was not the perpetrator of the crimes. Because of DNA testing the perpetrator was eventually

DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the basic structure for all life, it is the blueprint, the instruction manual, on how to build a living organism. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by sugar-phosphate bonds. Through a process called Protein Synthesis, the nitrogen bases are the code for the creation of amino acids. Essentially, DNA makes amino acids, amino acids make proteins, proteins make organisms. This process has been taking place for much longer than scientists have been able to document. Those scientists are called geneticists and their field is genetics.

Development in science field allowed us to achieve a lot of things. One of the most popular science field is genetics and knowledge in genetics has significantly increased, “Compared with the first sequencing effort in 1997, today’s state of the art involves the generation of more than 200 million times more data”, (Hawks, 2013). This remarkable development in science field has a huge impact on archaeological findings too, especially so in helping archaeologists understand human evolution. Although modern genetic research has allowed us to better fully understand human evolution, it has yet

Recent advancements in DNA technology have improved law enforcement’s ability to use DNA to solve old cases. Original forensic applications of DNA analysis were developed using a technology called restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Although very old cases (more than 10 years) may not have had RFLP analysis done, this kind of DNA testing may have been attempted on more recent unsolved cases. However, because RFLP analysis required a relatively large quantity of DNA, testing may not have been successful. Similarly, biological evidence deemed insufficient in size for testing may not have been previously submitted for testing. Also, if a biological sample was degraded by environmental factors such as dirt or mold, RFLP analysis may have been unsuccessful at yielding a result (Turman).