What Is CRISPR-Cas9: Helpful Or Harmful?

Once the complex was bound to the DNA, a cut would be made to eliminate and destroy the invaders. 83% of archaeal genomes and 45% of bacterial genomes (Shabbir, M. et al, 2016) were shown to be able to successfully utilize the CRISPR Cas9 system. These are very promising statistics, so it is no wonder that there has been such an advancement in the past few years to bring this technology to eukaryotic cells, mammalian cells and eventually human cells.

With modern technology comes the breakthrough of the decade by altering the human genes. This altering gene invention is called CRISPR/Cas9. However, this invention in the beginning stages of altering genes, began with rats until perfection. The process began early with the embryo stages to edit the genes. With the introduction of CRISPR surrounds a lot of controversy. Some people believe editing genes is playing with the hands of God and refuse to believe in CRISPR. With the article, “Let’s Hit Pause Before Altering Humankind”, by David Baltimore believes CRISPR is a tool with no good intentions. With this information the article should not be published with being against CRISPR.

From the science community perspective, the CRISPR-Cas system could reduce or even eliminate many of the difficulties researchers face when gene editing such as cost, duration and accuracy. Prior to CRISPR-Cas, gene editing was performed in “big labs” with experts

For many years biomedical researchers like myself have been trying to create more proactive ways to amend the genome for living cells. In more recent fieldwork studies there has been a new state of the art instrument based on bacterial CRISP in close works with protein 9 often referred to as CAS9 from the streptococcus progenies have possibly unlocked new data. The CRISP/CAS9 tries to manipulate the function of the gene using homologous recombination and RNA interference, but is set back because it can only provide short term restriction of the genes function and it’s iffy off- target effects.

A defective gene is most times caused by a virus getting into your DNA which later turns into a disease. The way CRISPR can fix this disease is going into your DNA, finding the

In “Life the Remix,” Alice Park discusses the impact and influence CRISPR has on science as well as its potential and risks. CRISPR—“clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats”—is a technique to alter DNA, virtually for anything involving DNA. Although there have been attempts to edit DNA, none were as cheap and simple as CRISPR. This technique, which is based on the immune system of a bacetria, revolutionizes genetics after the subsequent discoveries of the molecular scissors enzyme: Cas9 and a method to efficiently and accurately edit human DNA using CRISPR, explains Park.

(…) Researchers can edit genes by ridding the faulty genes and replacing the lettering(coding) with the CRISPR-Cas9.

The ability to engineer biological systems and organisms has an enormous potential for applications across basic science, medicine and biotechnology. Genome editing is a group of technologies that allow scientists the ability to change an organism’s DNA, which can provide better outcomes for health and disease control compared to natural immunity and mutations. Genome editing (gene editing) allows genetic material to be added, removed or altered at particular locations in the genome. A number of gene editing technologies have emerged in recent years with one of the most versatile and precise methods of genetic manipulation being Crispr-Cas9 (Steve scott,2016). The term Crispr-cas9, (clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats)

CRISPR Cas9 is a gene editing tool that can be used to edit, delete, and change parts of the genome. What makes CRISPR Cas9 different from other gene editing techniques such as Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) or Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN) is its targeting efficiency ability. For example, ZFNs and TALENs could only reach targeting efficiencies from 1% to 50% in human cells. On the other hand, CRISPR Cas9 had a much higher rate at greater than 70% in Zebrafish and plants. (Reis, 2014). CRISPR Cas9 is still being heavily researched by scientists today, because although many advancements have been made since its discovery in 1993, it is far from ready to be used commonly. Successful studies and experiments with this gene

Biology, in all of its glory, is quite amazing. It has always existed and always will; it merely just waits for a human to attempt to understand it. This understanding has taken centuries, however it seems to increase with the years. A very popular topic amongst biologists today is the genome, understanding it, mapping it, comparing one organism’s to another and so on. With the understanding of this genome though, we as humans want to delve into it, tweak it, and manipulate it until it is perfection to our standards. A development has arisen that will one day provide ways to make precise, targeted changes to the genome of living cells (1). CRISPR- Cas9 is the development that many scientists believe will eventually change the face of

The practical uses for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and other nuclease gene editing methods extend to animals as well. There are many proposed uses of the technology that need to be considered according to their associated risks and benefits. The first of which is the use of CRISPR to knock out genes associated with horn development in dairy cattle (Cima, 2016). Animals with horns present a hazard to animals kept in the same enclosure as them and to the workers that handle them. Only a small percentage of dairy cattle are born without horns, the rest need to have their horns removed. The horn removal process is considered inhumane and causes the animal a lot of pain according to animal rights activists. Using the modern gene editing tools scientists are able to reduce the suffering of animals while still protecting other cattle and their handlers. Traditional breeding methods have failed to produce a hornless cow while preserving the Holsteins ' large milk production (Staropoli, 2016).

Gene editing with CRISPR-Cas9 will be the next cure for cancer, many other diseases and could change many lives. Even though this ground breaking technology has not been put to use on humans yet, when it does it will be well worth the wait. Many countries have been working on the CRISPR-Cas9 for months to allow it to be used to cure the many diseases that can not be cured with modern technology.

An idea that once seemed like mere science fiction is now, ever closer to becoming a reality thanks to advances in genetics, and the development of a gene editing technology called Crispr-Cas9, in 2012, which uses natural enzymes to target and snip genes

CRISPR can be used to treat many types of cancer. The next question that one may ask is if we can identify this gene that causes cancer, in order to use the CRISPR technology. The next question is that if a gene can be identified then one must ask how we will use the CAS-9 system to combat the faulty genes in these cells. However, recently researchers at MIT have published an article discussing the techniques of solving these problems. The author states that the CRISPR was introduced by cutting and injecting re-introduced genes into the liver cells. This converted the mutated cell types into normal wild cell types. By using this technique researchers can now look into how the BRCA gene mutation which gives women a high probability of breast

Surrounded by patent and ethical issues lies a gene editing method with massive potential within the biotechnology industry. The CRISPR-Cas9 system works like ‘molecular scissors’ where Cas9 is an endonuclease that targets a specific DNA sequence (Griggs. 2015). This is more efficient than the previous methods such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), as well as being simpler to use. CRISPR-Cas9 uses single guided RNA (sgRNA) to reach the desired gene, where it is able to cleave the double stranded DNA in the presence of a Protospacer Adjacent Motif sequence (PAM sequence) (Ran et al. 2013). This is the stage where the gene can be altered via the cells own repair system due to the break in the DNA (Nehme et al. 2014). Solutions to sickle-cell anaemia, malaria and beta thalassemia are just a few of the life changing impacts this method could have in the future.