What Is Chlorpromazine?

In the next step, 2-((5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)-N-(4-fluorophenyl)acetamide (3a) was subjected to condensation reaction to afford N-(substituted)-2-((6-oxo-5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)acetamide (4a-m) and their structures were confirmed by spectral analysis. The FT-IR spectrum of compound (4a) showed characteristic absorption bands at 3255cm-1 (NH), 3024cm-1 (ArC-H), 1614 (C=O), 1263cm-1 (C-S) and 1588cm-1, which could be attributed to (C=N). The 400MHz 1H-NMR spectrum of compound (4c), showed a singlet for the amide NH proton at δ 10.37ppm. The signal corresponding to the two protons of NH2 group in the 2-aminothiadiazole ring disappeared and a new sharp singlet for imidazole protons was appeared

4. What type of drug is chlorpromazine, and where was it first tested on patients? Antipsychotic, A new phenothiazine drug, chlorpromazine, was synthesized in France in 1950 and was tested on such patients. In 1952, two French psychiatrists, Delay and Deniker, announced that the drug exerted a specific effect in diminishing the symptoms and signs of psychosis in patients with severe mental illnesses. (Hart & Ksir, p. 171)

Phencyclidine, or PCP, was synthesized in 1926 and used in the 1950s to act as a surgical anesthetic. However, it was retired in 1960s due to significant side effects including delusion, emotional trauma and acutely irrational behavior. It now sees illegal use as an extremely potent and dangerous hallucinogenic drug. It is generally ingested either orally or through the nose and its sedative effects take hold extremely quickly. PCP takes the form of a white, readily soluble powder crystalline in nature. It has It has been classified as being a hallucinogen, dissociative anesthetic, psychotomimetic, and sedative-hypnotic.

An NMR spectrum was also taken for our product sample which was close to the ideal but was a little off. Ideally there should be five peaks for the five chemical shifts from the five hydrogen groups on the product structure. The first peak should occur in the mid six ppm and can be described as a quartet. The second peak should occur at a ppm in the high 6s and should be another quartet. The third peak should be a triplet occurring at a low 7ppm. The fourth peak should be close by to the third, being another triplet. Finally, the fifth peak should be a doublet occurring at a mid 7ppm. The ppms for the ideal and the actual differ greatly in the fact that they span from approximately 5.3-6.25 instead of the ideal 6.5-7.5. It is fact that chemical shifts caused by benzene rings occur in the 6 to 8 ppm range, thus the nmr we received as a result can be somewhat doubted.. Ideally the first and second peaks should be a result of the hydrogens furthest away from the rings and the

In 1955, antipsychotic medications were introduced to help mental disorders. These medications are usually taken orally in which help relieve symptoms for periods of days. The misuse or abuse of the medications are low. There are three generations of antipsychotic medications. The first generation is known for reducing hallucinations and delusions, but not affecting problems like disorientation or depression. An example would be chlorpromazine, brand name being Thorazine. Some negative side effects of taking the first generation drugs are Parkinson’s-like symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, and weight gain. Next, the second generation drugs minimized the outcome of the individual getting Parkinson’s-like symptoms. An example of this generation would be Clozaril. “A unique feature of Clozaril is the 1 to 2 percent chance of developing a potentially lethal blood disease called agranulocytosis” (Levinthal 282). This disease decreases white blood cells and affects the immune system. If early signs of this disease start to appear the patient will stop taking Clozaril and recover. Lastly, the third generation has shown to be the most effective on schizophrenia. Abilify is an example of this generation drug. It does not have a risk of Parkinson’s, tardive dyskinesia, or diabetes. Abilify blocks specific serotonin receptors in which prevents negative side effects from happening. These different

Zeta-cypermethrin was first synthesized in 1974. The IUPAC name for zeta-cypermethrin is [Cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl]3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate with the chemical formula of

Clozapine works by blocking the receptors in the brain that dopamine acts on. This prevents the excessive activity of dopamine and helps to control psychotic illness. Clozapine is restricted to treating schizophrenia in people who have not responded to, or are intolerant of other treatments, as it can cause rare but serious side effects. It is also used in treating psychotic illnesses in people with Parkinson’s disease where other treatments have not worked.

Nuplazid (pimavanserin), is a selective serotonin inverse agonist (SSIA). Pimavanserin is a non-dopaminergic atypical antipsychotic drug with primarily selective inverse agonistic and minor selective inverse agonistic properties on the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors, however it has no substantial affinity on the 5-HT2B or dopamine receptors. Pimavanserin was discovered and developed for the treatment of Parkinson's disease Psychosis (PDP) by Acadia Pharmaceuticals.

This week I learnt about chlorpromazine, which is an antipsychotic. It is also used in short-term management of anxiety, agitation or disturbed behaviour in non-psychotic disorders. Chlorpromazine is an antagonist of many receptors, which include α1 adrenoceptor, M3 muscarinic receptor, H1 Histamine receptor, 5HT2 receptor, dopamine D2 receptor and angiotensin II AT1 receptor. This illustrates one of the pharmacology principles, which is selectivity of a drug. A highly selective drug (‘clean drug’) binds to only one receptor or molecular target whereas a drug having low selectivity (‘dirty drug’) will bind to many targets in the body. Binding upon many receptors can produce many effects but some effects are not desired. For example, chlorpromazine

Donepezil hydrochloride is known chemically by the IUPAC name 2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-2-[[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-1H-inden-1-one hydrochloride (Figure 1). It is a white powder, and is available commercially as 5, 10, and 23 mg pills. Aricept, the original name-brand form of the drug, is marketed and sold by the pharmaceutical companies Pfizer and Eisai. However, the company Sandoz now makes a generic brand form of the drug as well, known as Sandoz’s Donepezil. Another generic form of donepezil created by Ranaxby Labs gained USDA approval in November of 2010, and a third generic form, made by Wockhardt, is in the process of gaining approval for sale (RxList).

Blocking both of those receptors is believed to prevent negative and positive symptoms. Although unsure why, when taking this medication there are also side effects. These side effects may include weight gain, diabetes and lipid disorders. (“How Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Medications Work”) As you can see, schizophrenia medications frequently cause side effects. Researchers are still trying to find a way to treat schizophrenia without having such major side effects. Although atypical medication has less drastic side effects than conventional medication they both have reasons as to why patients would not want to take them. Some patients would rather be schizophrenic than experience these side effects. A very common problem with schizophrenia is that patients refuse to take their medication because of the side affects but then still suffering from their mental disturbances. 55% of patients do not take their medication because they do not believe they have a disorder. In up to 70% of patients taking conventional antipsychotics they suffer from side effects involving nerves and muscle movement and coordination

This drug was found by chance on a shelf when they were cleaning and was having the same effects of the unsafe drugs. But, this drug was safe. The drug was named chlordiazepoxide. This was the first BZD. Then after this drug was created there was a want for more of these BZDs. The second working drug was diazepam or Valium.

Result and Discussion In this experiment, the synthesis of benzocaine was carried out by acid catalyst and recrystallization process was utilized to purify the product form impurities. The synthesis of Benzocaine was carried from 4-Amino benzoic acid (PABA) and absolute ethanol with sulfuric acid as catalyst. The reaction took place under reflux, and isolation of product was carried out by using saturated Na2CO3 and dH2O. The characterization of the product involved the NMR and IR spectrum analysis.

The first compounds of the triazolobenzodiazepine structure were synthesized at the end of the 1960s by a team of specialists from the USA, but it was 10 years before the tranquilizers appeared in the triadolobenzodiazepine group. Alprazolam (Xanax), which has been on sale since 1981, is

Throazine, other major tranquilizers developed 1952 - The French psychiatrists Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker report that Thorazine ® calms hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients without causing clinically significant depression. The drug is called 'hibernotherapie' because patients became quiet, like