What Is Cross-Cohort Socialization Of Adolescents?

The ethnography in “With No Direction Home” by Marni Finkelstein was quite astounding. The group Finkelstein studied were street kids no older than the age of 20. Finkelstein did not interview kids over 20 because he said kids under the age of 21 rely on their families for social and financial support. He studied kids under 20 because those groups are most vulnerable to the lack of familial support and wanted to determine whether it will affect their self behaviour. These interviews and observations were constructed in the East Village of New York. The kids interviewed were from all over the place like New Jersey, Northeastern states, Southwest, Midwest, Southwest..etc. This study took place in the year 2005. Finkelstein tried to answer

Most boys know they need to be “manly” to fit into this equitable world because feeling ambivalent or indecisive does not measure up to the macho image. When boys and men do not conform to conventional gender roles, they are punished and victimized; however, this punishment does not outweigh the reprisal and backlash of those who are being punished and victimized for not adapting to the norms of society. The inordinately male episodes of school shootings, bullying, and other actions of violence are largely misunderstood problems in middle and high schools. Shootings are often explained as a logical and unsurprising outcomes of anything. It is negligent and reckless to ignore the fact that it is not just males who are mainly the perpetrators, but males who have been neglected and mistreated by society. It is implied that“black kids in the ghetto” are most often the perpetrators of all violent crimes. However, this is not the case, for it is those who feel oppressed and dehumanized by society that feel they have no choice, but to lash out in order to voice their anger. School shootings are really the outcome of those who are oppressed and bullied to their breaking point. In guns, boys and men find a weapon that provides the ability to act out their revenge fantasy in a twisted way to finally receive some distorted form of respect, that they are deprived of through gender

A standardization of 1,000 individuals was drawn from youth ages 7-18 from the geographic areas in the North, South, Midwest, and West (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). Within the 1,000 sample 400 youth were ages 7-14, and there were 200 adolescents with ages ranging from 15-18 (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). Variables included age, gender, race, and parental education (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). Different sites were sampled from rural, urban, and suburban areas. Also, within those sites, samples included schools, churches, and community centers (Flanagan & Henington, 2005). According to Flanagan & Henington (2005), “…selection criteria for participants included English as the primary language, at least a second grade

Adolescent Black males throughout the years have been subject and victim to numerous economic, socioeconomic, and environmental disadvantages. In many inner-city neighborhoods, these disadvantages have led to an increase in violence among these adolescent African American males, especially in the educational system. Violence among African American males in schools is something that increases tremendously each year; a 2010 study in Education Week showed that over 70% of the students involved in school-related arrests or referred to law enforcement were African American students. This can be explained

The starting point of violence takes place in communities and at home--not at school. Youth take what they hear and see at home and in their communities to school. The environment in some communities and households are positive and the presences of protective factors outweigh the high risk factors. However, there are communities and households where there is a lack of informal social control and high risk factors exist more than protective factors--, which affect youth in a negative manner.

Dr. Garbarino (1999) proposes common factors that are trending when it comes to an increase in violence among young boys, but does not state that such trends are causes of violence. Risk factors, especially in inner-city neighborhoods, such as poor quality of education, low socioeconomic status, limited healthcare options, multiple family residences, lack of a father figure, and high crime may lead an increase in violent nature for male youth. In addition, the book mentions four specific problems that provide a foundation for violence. These four problems include, attachment, abandonment by mother, abandonment by father, and

Gender is a concept constructed entirely by society. We base gender off of what we perceive and what others perceive of us. Until fairly recently, it has been categorized as one of two things: male or female. When we watched the documentary in class, we saw evidence of society 's socialization of young children. Commercials for Nerf Guns, action figures, and cars and trucks were all depicted with young boys as their users. Never did we see a girl playing with GI Joes or with Hot Wheels, only boys played with those. Meanwhile, dolls, baking sets, and make up kits were only advertised to girls, and no boys were shown playing with Barbies or Bratz. Society begins to shape gender notions from a very early age, where people are shown that they are one or the other, either male or female.

However, as Billy Lamar Brooks Sr. explained in “The Case for Reparations,” if “you got a nice house, you live a nice neighborhood, then you are less prone to violence, because your space is not deprived.” But if “you grow up in a place like this, housing sucks. When they tore down the projects here, they left the high-rises and came to the neighborhood with that gang mentality. You don’t have nothing, so you going to take something, even if it’s not real. You don’t have no street, but in your mind it’s yours” (Coates). By Brooks’ standards, people turn to gang violence because they have no space and want something that defines them as a person. Once again, the negative assumptions associated with Blacks today, such as that all Blacks are criminals, derive from the segregation in the past. While some African Americans are criminals, they often are such because they were forced to live in segregated communities with fewer opportunities. To reduce crime, the government must open more programs that provide impoverished communities with “something that defines

This sense of entitlement is one of the reasons that violence is so prevalent among this age group of men. Although most men believe that acts of hazing, bullying, rape, and fighting are wrong, they conform to this culture of silence because they are afraid of being shunned by their peers. “Silence is one of the ways that boys become men.” (61) They are forced to be silent witnesses because if they were to express any vulnerability, they would likely become the next target. As Kimmel says, “what happens in Guyland stays in Guyland”. (62) By silencing oneself and turning a blind eye, these young men are not only supporting themselves, but also protecting themselves. When the community dismisses these violent acts, the criminals who commit these atrocious acts are protected, which in turn “enables them to transgress again, or even escalate the severity of their actions.” (63)

Adrian Nicole LeBlanc, the author of Random Family, depicts a diverse perspective of unpleasant life experiences people suffer from within ghetto communities. Although Random Family was not my choice to read, I am privileged to have read this remarkable book as it conveys distinctive similarities that accurately represent the male populace who live in underprivileged urban communities. To expand on the earlier mentioned, young men who cohabitate in ghetto communities often have relatives who actively influence their participation in gangs, drug sells, and incarceration. As I read the book, I became conscious of the chapter headings as it correlates with the endeavors that young males face of a lower socioeconomic status. For example, chapter titles such as The Street I, Lock Down II, Upstate III, House-to-House IV and Breaking Out V represent the struggles young men face at a micro-level (Strong & Cohen, 2014, p. 51). Random Family conveys the message that men in ghetto communities is unable to overcome the adversities associated with the street life; however, this message is untrue as there are men who have prevailed over the life they inherited becoming successful individuals and not allowing themselves to become victims of their environment.

Throughout the article “The Code of the Streets,” Elijah Anderson explains the differences between “decent” and “street” people that can be applied to the approaches of social control, labeling, and social conflict theories when talking about the violence among inner cities due to cultural adaptations.

He realize how important it is to know the psychological aspect of an individual, but felt the obligation to look at the fundamentals of social patterns. In 1977 he graduated with a bachelor’s degree in sociology.

According to Leoniek Kroneman, Rolf Loeber, and Alison E. Hipwell (2004) research is looking at four major points and questions for girls on conduct problems and adolescences; which it also focuses on filling the gaps in reviewing neighborhood influences on gender differences in conduct problems and delinquency. The methodology that use was meta-analysis; notably many sources were used in this meta-analysis, but some really stand out. One of the sample that Kromeneman, Loeber, and Hipwell (2004) use was take a sample of 225 girls’ age 11 to 19 years old of African American living in housing projects; which more than half of the girls had admitted that they had attack someone out of rage and displeasure, and addition

Wolfgang and Ferracuti furthered the subculture of violence theory from the insights of cultural deviance theorists before them. Basing their theorizations entirely upon inferences from available statistics on homicide at that time, which illustrated a concentration of violent crime in primarily poor, racialized neighborhoods in Philadelphia. Through these statistics, the authors deduce that subcultural violence is a uniquely marginalized male phenomenon. Wolfgang and Ferracuti argue that violence is a

Newbury, et al. conducted a study in 2017 in the United Kingdom called Cumulative Effects of Neighborhood Social Adversity and Personal Victimization on Adolescent Psychotic Experiences. The purpose of this study was to examine how urbanicity, unfavorable neighborhood situations, and violent victimization impacts the occurrence of adolescent psychotic experiences (Newbury, et al., 2017). The author notes how “up to one