What Is Embryo Transfer In Equine

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The more popular and developing method of treatment is egg freezing. During this procedure they take an embryo and freeze it for a month before they place it in a uterus to be later fertilized (Maher). This method was first used for cancer patients. Cancer treatments, like chemotherapy, can damage the ovaries and make it almost impossible for chemo patients to reproduce. Doctors do this procedure by taking an ovary, from the patient before they start their cancer treatments, and slicing it into strips before they freeze it (Though Experimental, Ovarian Tissue Transplants Can Help Some Women Have Children)(see figure 1).

Selection is based on previous performance including race record; pedigree and phenotype to which play an important role when evaluating racehorses with conformation which is subjective to opinion or experience (McIlwrath, 2004). Foals in the racing industry are purchased through auction sales and stud farms and are based on their conformation, way of going and pedigree although conformation criteria differs from foal to 2-3 year old through musculoskeletal changeability. What has to be considered is the sire or dam who have produced winning progeny and has made the most prize money through races ran (O 'Mara, 2015).

Porcine Zona Pellucida, or PZP is a vaccine hand injected into mares to prevent pregnancy. The National Academy of Sciences states “The Porcine Zona Pellucida (PZP) vaccine, an immunocontraceptive, is the most extensively tested method in free-ranging horses and ma be the most promising option at present” (Using Science to Improve the BLM Wild Horse and Burro Program a way forward 113). The vaccine is temporary but effective for up to twenty-two months. The effects of PZP wears off and normal reproduction can resume four years after the injection. This is a treatment and release program that is not harmful. They use helicopter roundups to gather the horses and separate out the mares in order to vaccinate them. Modified rifles with loaded darts of PZP can also be used to vaccinate the mares. It is not harmful to the animals and the lifespan increases and health improves with the vaccinated mares. Mares that are vaccinated live 5-10 years longer than untreated mares. (“Fertility Control” 1). The goal of this method is to reduce the population to match the carrying capacity of the land. Rashmi Shivni agrees when he writes “The Ultimate goal is to lower the population to match the carrying capacity of the land, and Dr. Mcdonnell said the best way to do this is to control fertility” (Shivni 2). Porcine Zona Pellucida vaccine controls the

In these places, there is a thing called a “rape machine”. The definition of rape is “any act of sexual intercourse that is forced”. This is where a breeder has to place a female in the machine because she is not comfortable with being bred. This is usually because they have been bred too many times or that the females are too young. Not only do they have to endure this type of mating, their children are taken away much too young and sold to strangers.

Scamper won a record 10 Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association world championships from 1984-93 and helped make James the first million-dollar cowgirl and the all-time leading money winner in barrel racing. Scamper is the only barrel racing horse in the Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame. Scamper was a plain bay gelding picked out of Charmayne’s father’s pen of colts by herself, proving to the world that Scamper was no ordinary horse. The fact that he did not have the fancy breeding as many of the other competitive barrel horses set him apart from all the rest of the horses at that time. Making him a perfect candidate to be a part of the new cloning program. Although Scamper was a very important breakthrough in the cloning of animals, he was not the first. The first mammal to be intentionally cloned from an adult cell was a sheep called Dolly in 1996. Dolly was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer. The nucleus is the part of the cell that stores genetic material. To produce Dolly, scientists used an udder cell from a six-year-old Finn Dorset white sheep. They had not found a way to 'reprogram' the udder cells - to keep them alive but stop them growing – which they achieved by changing the growth medium. Then they injected the cell into an unfertilized egg cell which had had its nucleus removed, and made the cells fuse by using electrical pulses. The unfertilized egg cell came from a Scottish Blackface ewe that dolly was used to be born. When they finally had managed to fuse the nucleus from the adult white sheep cell with the egg cell from the black-faced sheep, they needed to make sure that the final cell would develop into an embryo. They cultured it for six or seven days to see if it would be divided and developed normally, before implanting it into a surrogate mother, another Scottish Blackface ewe. Even though Dolly had a

First, the number of embryos placed in a woman’s uterus during any one treatment cycle can be limited, with the other embryos preserved for later use, thereby reducing the risk of a multiple pregnancy. Second, embryos preserved from an initial attempt at IVF and replaced later if necessary can help to avoid repeated surgery to secure more eggs. Third, cryopreservation could enhance efforts to detect the presence of infectious diseases and genetic anomalies by providing ample time for proper screening and analysis. This advantage not only has implications for the health of any progeny, but it could also reduce the incidence and associated risks of abortions if abnormalities are discovered at a later point in the pregnancy. Fourth, by preserving embryos that would otherwise be discarded and allowing them to be brought to term at a later date, freezing can lead to offspring who would not otherwise have been born. And fifth, when combined with analysis, freezing will increase the possibility that normal embryos will be frozen for future use in implatation as well as research (Woods, 1988).

After each IVF cycle, in March, April and June, her eggs were fertilized with Tony’s sperm, and the resulting 15 embryos were frozen, allowing Jessica’s body time to recover before embryo transfer.

Embryonic harvesting and freezing is considered an ethical dilemma and morally unacceptable. Karen Capato reserved sperm for in-vitro fertilization posthumous and reared twins as a result. In this instance, technology was used after the death of a spouse to create life posthumous and the use of such is considered an act of God. “The Bible mentions in its parables that we should not to disrupt a life” (E. Horning, personal communication, January 31, 2013). Manipulating genetics

The majority of the process of keeping an embryo alive for an extended period of time is the same as in-vitro fertilization. “One day after retrieval (Day 1), the embryologist begins their day with the assessment of fertilization and by separating out the normally fertilized eggs. Cell division or cleavage will occur after the intermingling of the chromosomes overnight. By Day 2, normally dividing embryos should have four cells. Embryos will be further assessed on Days 2 and 3 for transfer or placement into more advanced blastocyst growth media until day 5 or 6”(AZFertility). However, in order to continue the growth, once the embryos are placed into the culture, they are placed into incubator. The majority of the difficulty is keeping the embryo alive within the

If a cow, displaying the ‘double muscled’ characteristic was produced, this enables the breeder to inbreed this cow, with the original homozygous recessive bull to create a purely ‘Belgian Blue’ breed. Other technology has increased the concentration of these desirable traits. To ensure farmers are not jeopardising their stock population, artificial insemination is a new form of genetic engineering technology. Artificial insemination/embryo breeding is a process that involves inserting the semen sample of a bull and inserting it into the heifers uterus. Or taking eggs from a heifer and semen from a bull and inserting into the uterus of another heifer. This process can increase the concentration of selective breeding as the cows with less desirable traits are enable to breed as farmers insert reproductive cells of the biggest and best cattle into to the average cows and therefore increase production of offspring. Embryo breeding has become reasonably affordable and therefore farmers can increase productivity to meet increased meat

“The process of egg cell donation is time-consuming, uncomfortable and even painful, requires surgery, and carries a multitude of risks, complications, and side effects.” (Chapter Preface)

If you apply too much pressure and puncture a hole through the reproductive tract and into the rectum it can have serious consequences and can even be fatal to the mare. There is also an increased chance of spreading disease if the semen isn’t screened properly. Some of the most common diseases that are passed on through semen are Contagious Equine Metritis, Equine Viral Arteritis, and Equine Infection Anemia. These viruses are transported in the semen and can survive both chilling and freezing so any imported semen has to undergo strict screening tests and documentation. The effects of these diseases can be devastating to the horse population. Even though there are problems and risks associated with artificial insemination in horses there are also benefits to it too and ways that you can mitigate the risks. If the procedure is preformed in a vet clinic the stocks can be used to safely position the mare for scanning and inseminating, as well as vets know how to do the procedure to that if the horse move there is less of a risk of damaging anything. Mares can also be sedated to do the procedure if its done on a farm where there are no stocks present. This will be more costly however because you have to give the mare drugs to sedate her. another advantage to using AI is if you have a stallion that is

It is common for the semen of 2-3 bulls to be used to ensure at least one quality sample to produce a pregnancy. In the instance that multiple donors are used, parentage is confirmed via DNA analysis. Most frequently, nonsurgical insemination is performed. This method calls for a trained and accommodating elephant as a large bore cannula is inserted into the lower urogenital tract. A 3m endoscope is inserted through the cannula and conducted to the hymen in first time mothers and the cervix or uterine horn of a cow that has calved. A small insemination cannula is used to deposit semen into the vagina, threaded through the hymen in nulliparous cows. In parous cows the semen may be deposited further into the uterus.14 Surgical insemination

Harvested for their urine, the horses suffer for the production of the drug hormone replacement drugs premarin (Pregnant Mare's Urine). At PMU farms mares in their third or