What Is Evaluating Bias In Research

I think Big Pharma companies skew their data very regularly. Although this is not ethical, it's practiced in this field because there is a certain probability calculated as it relates to side effects and ineffectiveness. For instance when we take Tylenol as a child we eventually become tolerant to the dosage. As we get older we need to increase the dosage even more than is advertised to get relief. The Pharma companies do not advertise that ALL pills have a toxicity level and will affect our organs at some point in time. Each pill is tested for toxicity levels before being released to the public. With that said, these companies take on a certain amount of acceptable risk when producing medication. The public has accepted this risk with

Facts are statements that are indisputably true. Truthful statements are authentic because they are widely accepted to be accurate and fit reality. When answering the question “given access to the same facts , how is it possible that there can be disagreements between experts in a discipline?”, one must consider the definition of an expert. For the sake of this paper I am defining an expert as someone who excels in their field , and constantly evolves their knowledge as their field progresses. I believe that disagreements between experts when presented with the same facts, occur because of bias. Bias is a sway towards one side or view of a situation or statement. Therefore I ask , how does someone’s personal bias affect their interpretation

Everyone in America, is at risk for being diagnosed with a condition that they don't have, and being prescribed medications they do not need. Its, everyday advertisments on TV for clients who may have had a missed diagnosis, and experienced a side effect from a medication they where prescribed, physicians try to follow national standards of care to protect themselves from lawsuit or even losing their licenses.

Moreover, patients often have less knowledge than the prescriber does about the appropriateness of the drug, where it can be very misinforming for the consumer. Lastly, drug efficacy is a problem in all contexts. Since stakeholders are likely, less informed than manufacturers it causes both the consumer and prescriber to depend on the manufacturer for information of the effectiveness of the drug (Bennett, Quick, Velasquez, 2016).

It is a benefit versus risk gamble that these companies take. An example: marijuana is a plant that is medically proven to reduce nausea. Long-term use has not been evaluated, and it is illegal in most states. However, people continue to utilize it for its alleviating benefits despite the risk of not being approved by the Federal Drug Administration. The Federal Drug Administration struggles to have control over the legalization of marijuana. The battle of getting marijuana legalized for medical purposes is a struggle that some states will continue to fight against the Federal Drug Administration. The argument that has been made is that one may benefit from marijuana for medical uses. Some patients have had beneficial results from marijuana, and they prefer to use the drug instead of over the counter medication or treatment (Berg,

The first step is to __D__efine the research question. You can structure or define your question in two ways. In some cases, you can use a __free-form question__ where you are asking a simple question such as, “Is hormonal birth control safe?” However, this question is very open because there are many factors that can factor into the safety of using birth control in a patient such as method, patient age, or health status. A more defined or __structured question__ would be, “What are the risks of stroke in women over 40 at high risk for blood clots taking hormonal birth control compared to the same population using non-hormonal birth control or no birth control?” The second question is a better question because it is measuring the possible

The first step is to locate and define the problem or desired research issue. The second step is to formulate a hypothesis and decide which method of hypothesis testing should be conducted such as exploratory research, descriptive research, or causal research. The third step is to collect data as primary of secondary such as surveys, observations or rely on other methods such as the census. The forth step is to

Extending human knowledge in research can be challenging when an individual don’t have no systems to go by. In planning a research's design, sociologists use various of different formulas to help students analyze and understand the steps they will need to collect data. Studies have shown when investigating scientific merits, it is critical to think about bias. Even though, the quality of research topics or questions that can be asked are researchable, many of them can be endless. However, unless you grasp how to frame your question properly, by following the first stage in the student's guide to research, you will master the formula of how to proceed.

At first I did not know what the meaning of cognitive biases is, so I had to do some research to better understand the meaning. From what I have research cognitive biases is basically you see what you want, and look for things to confirm what you are looking for essentially ignoring or disregarding any information that disproves your believe. According to CIA.gov it states that “Cognitive biases are mental errors caused by our simplified information processing strategies. It is important to distinguish cognitive biases from other forms of bias, such as cultural bias, organizational bias, or bias that results from one's own self-interest.”(CIA.gov, 2012) another way to look at cognitive biases is that it is a subconscious decision made on a certain issue. I feel that the best way for intelligence analyst to reduce or overcome the thought of cognitive biases would be to always look at the different perspectives to an occurrence before judging it too greatly.

Drug developrnent was a risky business. The vast majority of drugs initially tested fail to gain FDA approval.

Society expects drug companies to improve people’s well-being and to behave like a nonprofit company not overly concerned with making large profits. However, investors

It is said that conservatives have a greater negative bias than liberals. Negativity bias is a cognitive bias that puts more attention and importance on negative experiences and information. A bias is defined as a tendency to perceive things in a distorted manner that alters our way of thinking. Negativity bias makes negative information impact behavior and perception more than positive information. An example of this would be if you have negativity bias and meet a new person with many positive traits, but one bad trait, you will remember the bad trait way more than the positive traits. There have been many studies on negativity bias, one of which, International Affective Picture System shows the subject friendly, neutral, and threatening images. The subjects were able to recall easier and more in detail the the threatening images than the friendly or neutral ones. The study showed that conservatives tend to focus their gaze on the negative pictures, while liberals focused on the happier images. Another study called the Dot- Probe Test showed that between two pictures with opposing connotations, conservatives proved to be faster at spotting the dot when it was on the side of a negative image.

One factor that must be considered is that the drug had not yet been approved by the FDA, but was in phase III trials. Historical data shows that 65% of drugs in this phase eventually get approved for sale to the market. It was felt that approval of the drug would occur late in 1998.

From starting the research process to methodology, it’s all made possible with understanding what is being mentioned in the subsections and main paragraphs. When reading chapter six “the research problem” from Introduction to Research and Medical Literature for Health Professionals (2013), the concept of study replication is a helpful technique as

Pharmaceutical companies should attempt to be as transparent as possible when marketing prescription drugs to the public. Their marketing efforts should not only convey the benefits of the prescription drug, but also easily convey the possible risks associated with the prescription drugs. Many patients may tend to think the benefits outweigh the potential risks of prescription drugs and may pressure their physician to prescribe it. Due to the way the prescription drug is marketed, the consumer may believe the