Firstly, I would like to focus on Freud’s main argument in ‘Civilisation and Its Discontents’ on why he believed that civilisation created discontent. Freud’s argument has influenced many others in their reasoning too, including Elias’ work and Marcuse thus I think it is important to analyse it in depth therefore a significant portion of this essay centres on Freud. Freud argued that every human being has animalistic instincts and desires that have to be repressed in order for civilisation to continue and succeed. This causes us misery as we are repressing a part of us constantly that would otherwise give us great happiness to indulge in. These instinctual aggressive traits include the desire to be violent, rape, steal, torture and kill and …show more content…
For instance, Freud states “we have no reason whatever to envy [primitive people’s] instinctual life by reason of the freedom attached to it; it is subject to restrictions of a different kind, which are perhaps even more severe than those imposed on modern civilised man” (2002:51). For instance, these restrictions could include not being able to develop technology which required self-discipline and order brought about by civilisation according to Elias (1998). This undermines that anyone should be discontent with civilisation for the reasons Freud puts forward as it suggests the alternative to civilisation will only create further discontent. Overall, these paradoxical statements within Freud’s book undermine the idea that anyone should be discontent with civilisation, and as Wollheim (1985) suggests, in his argument Freud may have concealed or underrated everything we gain from civilisation and emphasised the cost, which diminishes the idea that anyone should be discontent with civilisation for reasons Freud …show more content…
Although Mennell (1992) and Burkitt (1991) both highlight that Elias was not saying that there is a linear process of civilisation or that the ‘civilised’ behaviours he described are any better than other societies. Instead, Elias admited that Western civilisation does believe themselves to be more superior in relation to other cultures and societies due to the developments in their behaviour over time. This is highlighted by Elias who specifically looked at this attitude in France at the start of the nineteenth century. He observed that due to historical social changes involving the rise of the bourgeois and the French intelligentsia engaging with politics and the courts, the concept of ‘civilisation’ in the nineteenth century began to embody and represent France as a country for the French people (Elias, 1998). They saw themselves as reaching the end of a process of civilisation and being naturally superior, thus “justifying French aspirations to national expansion and colonization” (Elias, 1998:49) and delivering ‘civilisation’ to other societies. Similarly, Fletcher (1997) also highlights that English colonial expansion and conquests were also justified as
The film France is An Empire serves a form of propaganda to perpetuate the civilizing mission of France’s Office of the Colonies. Jules Ferry, France’s prime minister from 1880-1885, believed that it was their duty as a classified superior race to civilize the demeaned lower races. The civilizing mission was believed to be sharing the European generosity and compassion to those uncivilized people practicing, and living in uncultured conditions. The documentary details the advances that France brought to its colonies such as medicine, education, science, and military practices, but never shows nor allows native opinion. Through the use of evidentiary editing, the viewer listens to all the wonderful opportunities France brought its colonies, and proceeds to see the colonists enjoying the fruit of France’s labour. In addition, the use of diegetic sound furthers idea that the native practices were strange, and needed French influence. Jules Ferry’s civilizing mission, of superior races having a duty to refine the lower race, is justified in France is an Empire through the use of evidentiary editing and diegetic sound.
The Bible is a sacred text that has guided men and women in life to stay on this path of goodness and selflessness. According to Freud the Bible may be the cause of civilization’s unhappiness. Mankind’s freedom has been stifled because of the restrain society has put on our “primal nature”. Anything that goes against the structure the Bible has made in society has been repelled and ignored because it is no longer something that can be thought of as real or taken seriously. Freud believes that the happiness we cannot attain is due to the freedoms we lack. This belief of lacking in freedom is not correct based on the Bible’s chapters. Mans inability to be happy or remain happy is due to his or her need of having something to prove. This
Throughout the rest of the book, Freud addresses the conflict between civilization and the individual. He starts with the fundamental paradox of civilization: we created civilization as a tool to protect ourselves from unhappiness; however it is our largest source of unhappiness. He also points out that contemporary technological advances have been a mixed blessing for human happiness. He also asks what the purpose of civilization is if it is not to satisfy the pleasure principal. He later concedes that civilization has to make compromises of happiness to fulfill its primary goal of bringing people into peaceful relationships with each other, by making them subject to a higher, communal authority.
In his book Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud offers an explanation for why, as individuals, we tend to punish
Freud mainly focuses on human nature and questions the desire, ideas ,and beliefs that shape a human, he then further analyses them. We see in his literature, Civilization and its Disconnect, that he questions religion and the belief in God. He himself does not believe in God, but wants to know why many people follow and trust something that they cannot see. He also questions the concept of human relationships. Knowing that a two person relationship and interaction is inevitable and that it is a part of life, but he does not know if a third relationship, and further on, is necessary. Regardless, human relationships are a part of society, and one of causes of civilizations, which Freud defines as “the whole some of achievement and the regulations which distinguish our lives” (Freud). With one of the achievements
In Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud composes essentially to look at the relationship between the individual and society. Through Freud's examination of the relationship, a more profound comprehension of the intricacy of mental life is figured it out. Freud starts to add to the relationship ahead of schedule in the work by portraying the most primitive acknowledge of self and the most primitive acknowledge of the outside world. He further adds to this relationship through the pondering of sexual yearning and its associations with adoration, which he claims, lead to the arrangement of families and after that later gatherings of humankind that came to include development all in all. Through inquiries raised concerning society, society, history and the self, Freud has the capacity portray a kind of guide of the brain. This guide Freud delineates further empowers him to build up a comprehension of the relationship in the middle of human advancement and the person.
He is unsatisfied with his life because he finds that life has a lack of meaning for him and finds himself depressed as a result of allowing civilization to suppress his innermost desires or instincts, “like so many others I had become a slave to the IKEA nesting instinct” (Fight Club). Freud asserts that the purpose of human life is the pursuit of what makes one happy (Freud 25), thus Freud implies that our perception of reality is built from the incline toward satisfying our natural instincts. Freud argues that even though civilization was initially developed to protect us it has turned to become one of the major obstacles for the individual to achieve the purpose of life which is satisfaction of natural needs; “our civilization is largely responsible for our misery, and that we should be much happier if we gave it up and returned to primitive conditions (Freud 38).
In Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud writes primarily to examine the relationship between the individual and society. Through Freud's examination of the relationship, a deeper understanding of the complexity of mental life is realized. Freud begins to develop the relationship early in the work by depicting the most primitive realizations of self and the most primitive realizations of the external world. He further develops this relationship through the musing of sexual desire and its connections to love, which he claims, lead to the formation of families and then later groups of humanity that came to comprise civilization as a whole. Through questions raised concerning society, culture, history and the self, Freud is able to
The first argument that Freud makes in his assault on religion regards civilization. Freud argues that human
Humanity’s natural aggression means that civilization is “constantly threatened with disintegration” and it must make every effort to ensure these urges are curbed, in order for its continued existence. He continues in this vein, by stating that, in order for people to “forgo the satisfaction of their tendency to aggression” civilization encourages us to form into groups, however for this to work their must continue to be “outsiders,” that the aggression can be turned towards. This is in accordance with On the Genealogy of Morals, where it is the Slaves ascetic nature that forces them to also control their instincts. Likewise, both Freud and Nietzsche assert that these restrictions cause people to internalise their aggressions, turning inward.
In his ground-breaking book Civilization and Its Discontents, Sigmund Freud postulates that society, despite ostensibly being set up to protect us from unhappiness, has a net negative impact on human happiness. According to Freud, the three most important causes of suffering are the natural world, our own bodies, and our interactions with other people (Freud 44). In addition to identifying these as the main causes of suffering, Freud also states that the suffering that comes from other people is the worst of the three. Given how civilization has changed since Civilization and Its Discontents was published, however, this belief simply no longer holds true. Freud’s belief that interaction with other people in society is the worst cause of human suffering is no longer valid in today’s world because of the net benefits of society’s protection, because of society’s benefits to the human body, and because of advances in society’s ability to satisfy human happiness.
Freud’s view of civilization emerges from his understanding of the struggle between Eros and Death. Freud expresses the existence of two contrary instincts, Eros and Death, via starting from the speculations on the beginning of life and biological parallels. While Eros preserves the living substance and joins it into larger units, such as societies, Death dissolves these units and brings them back to their primeval state. The death drives appear to be regressive, striving for a return to a less differentiated, less organized state of tensionlessness. In contrast, Eros (which embraces sexual and life-preserving instincts) is progressive in seeking ever more differentiated forms of organized life and even the widening of differences in it
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On the other hand, Freud is more concerned with instilling the idea that infancy and childhood is a key role in development, he states, “by the time the child's intellect awakens, the doctrines of religion have already become unassailable,” suggesting that religion is a force that shapes civilization in which people function, as well as form our judgment of human civilization. Hence, the importance of developing successfully as opposed to failing to function in society, whether they are religious or not. Instead, he dubs man as “a creature of weak intelligence who is ruled by his instinctual wishes.”
Freud referred to the Hobbes argument that humans are naturally hostile to one another, humans depend on their own man made devices and hostile nature, leading humanity into a war where a man will be against each other (Hobbes 1906, 96). Human civilization is an effort to set up limitations for man’s aggressive