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What Is Freud's Discontent

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Firstly, I would like to focus on Freud’s main argument in ‘Civilisation and Its Discontents’ on why he believed that civilisation created discontent. Freud’s argument has influenced many others in their reasoning too, including Elias’ work and Marcuse thus I think it is important to analyse it in depth therefore a significant portion of this essay centres on Freud. Freud argued that every human being has animalistic instincts and desires that have to be repressed in order for civilisation to continue and succeed. This causes us misery as we are repressing a part of us constantly that would otherwise give us great happiness to indulge in. These instinctual aggressive traits include the desire to be violent, rape, steal, torture and kill and …show more content…

For instance, Freud states “we have no reason whatever to envy [primitive people’s] instinctual life by reason of the freedom attached to it; it is subject to restrictions of a different kind, which are perhaps even more severe than those imposed on modern civilised man” (2002:51). For instance, these restrictions could include not being able to develop technology which required self-discipline and order brought about by civilisation according to Elias (1998). This undermines that anyone should be discontent with civilisation for the reasons Freud puts forward as it suggests the alternative to civilisation will only create further discontent. Overall, these paradoxical statements within Freud’s book undermine the idea that anyone should be discontent with civilisation, and as Wollheim (1985) suggests, in his argument Freud may have concealed or underrated everything we gain from civilisation and emphasised the cost, which diminishes the idea that anyone should be discontent with civilisation for reasons Freud …show more content…

Although Mennell (1992) and Burkitt (1991) both highlight that Elias was not saying that there is a linear process of civilisation or that the ‘civilised’ behaviours he described are any better than other societies. Instead, Elias admited that Western civilisation does believe themselves to be more superior in relation to other cultures and societies due to the developments in their behaviour over time. This is highlighted by Elias who specifically looked at this attitude in France at the start of the nineteenth century. He observed that due to historical social changes involving the rise of the bourgeois and the French intelligentsia engaging with politics and the courts, the concept of ‘civilisation’ in the nineteenth century began to embody and represent France as a country for the French people (Elias, 1998). They saw themselves as reaching the end of a process of civilisation and being naturally superior, thus “justifying French aspirations to national expansion and colonization” (Elias, 1998:49) and delivering ‘civilisation’ to other societies. Similarly, Fletcher (1997) also highlights that English colonial expansion and conquests were also justified as

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