Figure 2.6 shows the structure of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) used. A polymer must be dissolved in solvent to mix well for membrane fabrication. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was used as a solvent in this study. According to Hilal, Ismail & Wright (2015), the membrane porosity and water permeability of the membranes were dependent on the diffusivity of solvent and non-solvent used.
Theophylline is a bronchodilator used in the treatment of asthma, it has a low molecular weight of 180.2. It is slightly acidic, when in a saturated solution of water and has a pKa of 8.81.
Ketamine, sold under the brand name Ketalar among others, is a medication mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia. It induces a trance-like state while providing pain relief, sedation, and memory loss. Other uses include for chronic pain and for sedation in intensive care. Heart function, breathing, and airway reflexes generally remain functional. Effects typically begin within five minutes when given by injection with the main effects lasting up to 25 minutes.
What must first be noted is that methane clathrate is a solid hydrate compound. A hydrate is typically a crystalline compound in which water molecules are chemically bound to another element.
For this experiment we analyze the percent water in a crystalline hydrate. By examining the percentage we then are able to identify the changes in compound and compare them to that of unknown possibilities. In order to identify what hydrate we’re experimenting with, it must first be weighted using an analytical balance and record its initial state. To begin the heating process, the hydrate is moved back and forth over a flame at a 45 degree angle in order to remove any water within the hydrate. Thus it becomes a anhydrous residue after heat is applied. In order to achieve a constant weight of 0.002g or less, the anhydrous needs to be heated several times in order to eliminate most of the water contained. By calculating the the initial and final stage of the hydrate, the percent water will be determined. Finally, by comparing the mass of water lost from the unknown hydrate, the compound can be referenced from a list of unknowns.
Sulfanilamide, also referred to as sulfa, was a drug sold in powder and tablet form used to treat infections such as pneumonia, meningitis, and strep throat. In the 20th century, these bacterial infections could easily take the life of anyone. That is why sulfanilamide became so popular throughout the country. Sulfanilamide was invented by a German microbiologist, Gerhard Domagk. It was a red dye derivative that he had discovered that would cure the contagion. The drug was safe until a salesman from Bristol, Tennessee recommended that they produce a liquid form of the drug to make swallowing easier. The company’s head pharmacist and chemist was Harold Cole Watkins, he found out that sulfanilamide was soluble in diethylene glycol, commonly found
Methotrexate is a competitive inhibiter of binding of dihydrofolic acid (FH2) to the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). METHOTREXATE is a structural analogue of folic acid which make it can easily bind to the same receptor. DHFR is responsible for reducing FH2 to folinic acid (FH4), the active intracellular metabolite. Thus, METHOTREXATE decreases the amount of intracellular FH4 available and affects the metabolic pathways within the cell that are FH4 dependent. These pathways include pyrimidine metabolism and purine, polyamine synthesis and amino
Hydrazine is a corrosive and highly toxic chemical propellant. At room temperature, Hydrazine has high vapor pressure which causes a natural movement of propellant for the combustion task. While the studies from decades indicate that the chemical propellants are superior in achieving efficient performance, they also raise a great level of environmental concerns. Ground impacts, Atmospheric impacts, Space impacts and biological impacts are four important areas which are observed to be highly affected. Mishandling the highly toxic hydrazine can result in explosions and fatal accidents. Periodic explosions were observed when the propellant exhaust gets in touch with the atmosphere. Space based impacts are considered as there are noticeable effects of debris in space.
Tramadol hydrochloride, an atypical synthetic opioid member of the aminocyclohexanol group, is a centrally acting analgesic compound that was initially synthesized in 1962 by Grünenthal Company and marketed in Germen since 1977 [1-3] and has been launched in Egypt since 1995 [4].
Imagine looking up surrounded by guns with blood on your face and hands. Then, you realize that the blood was on you from eating someone. After several days, you understood that all of this was from your new bath salts addiction. This was one of the story that was reported about a man under the influence of bath salts. What is Bath salts? According Airuehia, Young Walker, and Nittler (2015), bath salts refers to products that may be a combination of one more mixtures of different synthetic cathinone, which may be known as methylenedioxyprovalerone (MDPV) and mephedrone. Bath salts are human-made stimulants chemically related to cathinone, a substance found in the khat plant. The above authors also mentioned, khat is a plant native to East
Before purchasing this drug from a chemist, you should first inform your personal doctor about the other medications that you are currently using. Additionally, you should inform the medical practitioner about your body condition including the pre-existing illnesses, the allergies, and the herbal supplements that you use. The information will assist the specialist to guide you whether to use the Etizolam or not. It is important because some health conditions in the victim’s body may make him or her vulnerable to the horrible side effects of the drug.
Hydrazones are compounds obtained by the condensation of hydrazides with aldehydes or ketones. Substituted hydrazones can be obtained by introducing substituted hydrazides and carbonyl compounds. If the substituent is an acyl group, then it is called acylhydrazone. The –C=O group provides the possibility for the electron delocalization within the hydrazone moiety. General formula for a substituted acylhydrazone is shown in Fig. 1.
Every year it seems that we are inundated with different medications. Something else new that will help treat a varying array of mental health problems. Medications such as; Xanax, Librium, Klonopin, and even Valium are all common and in many cases well known. Yet while each one of those medications has a different brand name, they are all in fact all Benzodiazepines. These medications share many of the same positive and negative side effects. Now it should be noted that all of these medications have undergone rigorous testing and have been approved for the use of treatment. The medications listed, are primarily used to treat anxiety. There are other uses such as helping people sleep and a few off label other uses too. Benzodiazepines or Benzos
They use dihydrogen monoxide as an industrial solvent and coolant, In nuclear power plants, by the U.S. Navy in the propulsion systems of some older vessels, as a spray-on fire suppressant and retardant, in so-called "family planning" or "reproductive health" clinics,
Melamine Formaldehyde is a cyanamide trimer which is organic base with high nitrogen content composed of a (1,3,5-trizine-2,4,6-triamine) . In 2007 falsely elevate protein concentration of deliberately contaminated food result in outbreak of renal disease and associated deaths in cats and dogs in the United States [4, 7, 3, 10].