What Is Lentiviruses Similar To HIV?

Numerous species of monkey were infected with the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) or Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV). The macaques were the primary group of monkeys infected. “Macaques are physiologically and immunologically similar to humans so there is a significant advantage over rodents and other species. The pathogenic SIV infection of macaques can lead to a disease that is called “simian AIDS;” it is similar in many respects to the disease caused by HIV-1 in humans” (Evans and Silvestri). Using the macaques allows different treatments to occur on the experimental level that cannot be conducted in humans. The treatments have provided and continue to provide “essential information to reach a deeper understanding of the biology of HIV infection and AIDS” (Evans and Silvestri). Non-human primates are easier to use than humans do to the ability to control the timing, dose and route of the virus as well as collecting the samples from tissues that are difficult to collect from humans. Macaques can be infected by vaginal or rectal routes or by oral routes. Macaques have been used to test various “microbicides and vaccines for mucosal protection against HIV acquisition” (Evans and Silvestri). By using non-human primate models for studies of AIDS, many results have been

When a chimpanzee has the virus it is called SIV. A chimpanzee can live safely and unharmed with SIV for a lifetime. Unfortunately the transmission and mutation of the virus likely came from the blood into a cut or consumption of the chimpanzee. The virus then would be passed from human to human through blood, sex, and even breast milk. HIV was discovered in West Africa in 1983 and was shown to bring the carriers life to an end within nine to eleven years after contracting the virus.

There are four main groups of HIV strains (M, N O and P), each with a slightly different genetic make-up. This supports the hunter theory because every time SIV passed from a chimpanzee to a human, it would have developed in a slightly different way within the human body, and produced a slightly different strain. This explains why there is more than one strain of HIV-1 The most studied strain of HIV is HIV-1 Group M, which is the strain that has spread throughout the world and is responsible for the vast majority of HIV infections today. (“origin of HIV & AIDS,”

It is believed that the first case of HIV/AIDs was first recorded somewhere in West Africa somewhere in the beginning of the twentieth century. Since then, it has spread across central Africa, undetected for a long time. But the question that has bewildered many, is how HIV spread in the first place. According to “Natural Transfer Theory”, HIV was spread to humans through chimpanzees. “Africans have been killing and eating monkey for at least fifty thousand years” (43). It was common for small African communities to hunt and eat chimpanzees. Chimpanzees were said to have “SIVs, simian immunodeficiency viruses that closely resembles HIV” (41). The virus is said to have spread to humans through these infected chimpanzees. The blood of these chimpanzees could have

A chimp nearly a million years ago was hunting and ate a Red-Capped Mangabey and a Spot-Nosed Geunon and was then exposed to their versions of the HIV virus. Somehow there becomes a single cell in the chimp infected with both viruses and an enzyme slips while copying one virus and finishes the copy with the other virus. This new infected cell thrives and this chimp becomes patient zero. Then, a hunter in the southeast of the Congo gets infected by the blood of said chimp when he kills/butchers it. When he travels to a nearby village to sell this meat he could then infect a woman who could have relations with a fisherman and infect him. Then, he goes down the main river and to an even bigger town with prostitutes and such and infect more people

To begin with, many scientists found that HIV is related to a similar virus found in chimpanzee after conducting many researched they believe the virus was passed down from monkey hunters to human. Moreover, the first known case of HIV was reported in 1920 in

According to (Avert.org) “In 1999, a strain of SIV (called SIVcpz) was found in a chimpanzee that was almost identical to HIV in humans.The researchers who discovered this connection concluded that it proved chimpanzees were the source of HIV-1, and that the virus had at some point crossed species from chimps to humans”

This “simian” or monkey pathogen then developed and evolved into the present day contagion called aids. Transfers of human bodily fluids, sex, and the reusing of infected needles spread aids. This Disease weakens the immune system, with the possibility of death. It affects people by them having intercourse with infected people, and by the sharing of needles. It is not contagious like the Black Death but is still deadly. 3 million people died last year by aids. Aids are a serious thing, as minor ailments can kill you. In the year of twenty fourteen, there was a study that showed that 36.9 million people had aids, and one and a half million died of it.

The purpose of this study was to observe whether or not tripartite motif 5α (TRIM5α) proteins in Old World monkeys (OWM) can reduce replication done by herpes simplex virus (HSV) in human HeLa cells. The premise for this experimentation was that TRIM5α proteins from OWMs was known to block replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other retroviruses.

Before we can explore the prevalence of HIV in the older adult population, we need to discuss the history of HIV and what it does. In the United States, HIV has been present since the mid 1970’s (CDC, 2016a). However, it is believed that the first human case of HIV occurred in the 1800’s (CDC, 2016a). During this time, hunters in Central Africa were killing chimpanzees and coming into contact with their blood (CDC, 2016a). Some chimpanzees in this region were infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) (CDC, 2016a). When the humans were infected with SIV, it is thought to have mutated into what we know as HIV (CDC, 2016a).

As previously stated HIV is a lent virus that attacks the immune system. In comparison SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus) attacks the immune system of monkeys. So the question is: Did HIV in fact come from monkeys? A strain of SIV (called SIVcpz) was found in a chimpanzee upon research in 1999. This strain can infect humans and also be passed on from chimpanzee to chimpanzee. In conclusion the most reasonable transferring theory is based off of hunting. The SIV was transferred to humans as a result of the chimps infected blood and them be eaten. Then the virus migrated and transformed in what we know today as

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, HIV is a virus spread through body fluids that affect specific cells of the immune system, called CD4 cells, or T cells (CDC, 2014). These CD4 or T cells serve as a defense mechanism, which fight off infections and diseases. Once this occurs, HIV leads to AIDS. Scientist identified a type of Chimpanzee in West Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans, it is believed to be called simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (CDC, 2014). The virus was most likely transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood (CDC, 2014). Studies show that HIV may have jumped from apes to humans as far back as the

The long filaments are 80 nm in diameter and either 800–1000 nanometers long. RNA is only 1% of the mass of the virus. The large virus structure is composed of three compartments the nucleocapsid, the matrix space and the envelope. The central core of each filovirus virion consists of the single RNA genomic molecule and its adherent nucleoproteins NP and VP30 (the nucleocapsid). They are linked by matrix proteins VP24 and VP40 to the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope, which is derived from the host cell. Trimeric spikes of the surface envelope glycoprotein are anchored in the bilayer. Two other proteins, VP35 and large protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), are also present within the virion. The surface GP is coded by the GP gene, and is expressed in two molecular forms (GP1 and GP2) that are generated by an RNA editing mechanism; it has important roles in virus infection and pathogenesis, and its expression is tightly regulated during virus replication. It has been recently demonstrated that the level of GP1 and 2 expressions regulates the virus production and

HIV-1, responsible for most of the disease today, was first discovered to have originated from Chimpanzees in 1999. HIV-2, the second type of the virus, was discovered to be transmitted through monkeys most likely through the consumption of their meat. There are two different types of the illness: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, essentially breaks down the body’s CD4 cells which help to assist fighting off infections in your body. Overtime, this will hindrance your body’s ability to fight off diseases which can be potentially life threatening. The last stage of HIV is linked to AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a specific group of diseases/conditions that are indicative of severe immunosuppression related to infection with HIV. This makes people infected with the disease more vulnerable to opportunistic infections which their body will be unable to fight off towards the later stages of the disease. Most people diagnosed with AIDS have an estimated three years to live, but people that do not get diagnosed have an estimated one year to survive.

After further research, they found that the chimps ate two smaller species of monkeys that had two different strains of SIV, allowing the virus to transmit into the chimps. Because the smaller monkeys were infected with two different strains of SIV, it was inevitable that the chimps would be infected with both kinds, and in some cases even developed mutated versions of the two combined. When these strains mutated, they became capable to infect humans, and this mutation became known as HIV. Humans in the area that the infected chimps lived in hunted the chimps for food, and so HIV was brought into the human population. In most cases, the infected human’s immune system fought off HIV, but sometimes it stayed and became a parasite in the new host, making this host HIV-1. More than one HIV-1 people exist because more than one person contracted it from the monkeys, and so the strain in each HIV-1 was different. HIV is classified into four substrains; M, N, O, and P. Strain M is the responsible for most AIDS deaths. (Origin story from www.avert.org) Right now, 36.7 million people globally are living with HIV, (www.aids.gov) and 2.1 in 100,000 people will die from AIDS. (www.cdc.gov) In The Hot Zone, the Ebola origins are said to be in either fruit bats or primates at a cave in Africa known as Kitum Cave. In 1976, the poor man, Monet, went into that cave and inevitably contracted it, starting an outbreak to be followed by countless more. However, though it would be easier to just assume that we could follow the trail of that outbreak, that is not the case. That was just the outbreak of one out of 5 Ebola strains known as Ebola Zaire, the most deadly out of the filovirus strains with a 90% fatality rate. (www.who.int) A completely different outbreak began also in 1976 in Sudan when a hospital transmitted the disease from one infected patient to many