What Is Paragur-Anthoza?

Commensalism is when one species can benefit from a relationship and not hurt the other. There are four different main types; chemical, inquilinism, metabiosis and phoresy. Chemical commensalism is most often observed between bacteria. It involves the species of one bacteria feeding on the chemicals produced or the waste products of the other bacteria. Inquilinism involves one species using the body of another organism as a platform or living space while the host does not benefit or is harmed. Metabiosis occurs when one species unintentionally creates a home for another species through one of its normal life activities. A phoresy takes place when one organism attaches to another organism specifically for the purpose of gaining transportation. An example of commensalism (inquilinism) is barnacles and whales. Barnacles are non-moving and they rely on currents to bring them food. Some barnacles attach themselves to whales in order to help them live. They can benefit as they are then transported over the ocean which exposes them to more feeding oppurtunities. The whale neither benefits or is harmed by the barnacles.

The male on the other hand who is quite smaller in size, has decided it had no use for these adaptations, instead it spends its whole life in search of a female.This is called a permanent parasitic mate. When a male comes across the female in the darkened abyss, it bites onto her with his sharp teeth. Over time he will physically fuse with the female, attaching to her bloodstream and skin, losing his eyes and internal organs in the process.

There are three forms of symbiotic relationships namely mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. The partners in a symbiotic relationship may either benefit from, be unaffected by, or be harmed by the kind of relationship that exists between them, (Berg 2007). Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both the partners benefit from the relationship, (Berg 2007). Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship whereby one party benefits while the other party is neither harmed nor benefits, (Berg 2007). Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one party benefits while the other is harmed, (Berg 2007).

In all symbiotic relationships, one of the species involved in benefited. In Mutualism, both are benefited, in Parasitism one is harmed by the other’s gain, is commensalism one is not affected by the other’s gain. In a Cooperative relationship, both are working together to achieve a common goal. In Predation, one organism is preyed upon by another, who will most likely use the organism for food.

They exhibit a polygynous mating system, which means they have one-male and multi-female groups. The male’s large home ranges envelop the home ranges of several females. The males will mate with all the females in their home range and even some in extending home ranges. Females will also mate with members of different home ranges. The two remain together for several days while mating and will copulate several times in that period. Litters are usually fathered by one male, and the males will defend and mark their territory while mating. Females will mate every other year from May to August. They will stay in heat from June to August, and most mating will occur in June or July. Most interestingly females display a delayed implantation where the embryo is not implanted immediately at copulation but actually waits in diapause for about six months. Fertilized eggs develop to the blastocyst and will remain there until implantation to the uterine wall which typically occurs in the months from December to February. This means pregnancy may last anywhere from 120 to 272 days. Which will depend on when the embryo is fertilized and when it is implanted. Parturition is perfectly timed for the optimum survival of their young, which is usually when the most food is available. Females build snow-dens to birth and nurse their young. They typically have two dens, a natal den for giving birth and then when this den is

In site one, where the Parahomo fracticranius was discovered, it can be assumed that the habitat for the species was an open grassland due to the fact that other fossils of animals that lived in the area were grazers. Since there were 14 remains of both male and female sexes, it can be assumed that the P. fracticranius lived in a large multi-male, multi-female system. Based on the lectures from class, it is known that for most cases, multi-male, multi-female environments result in polypoly mating (Atkisson Lecture: Primate mating systems and primate evo). Therefore, it can be assumed that the P. fracticranius not only engaged in polypoly mating, but they also had some sexual dimorphism and large testes. The evidence that supports the sexual dimorphism claim can be seen when the body size of the female and male are compared since the male’s body size is 41 kg larger than the female’s.

Judson contributes to onefs understanding of sex among different organisms in that she makes difficult concepts simple to comprehend. Although she uses scientific terminology, she limits it so that anyone can understand the technical information she shares. Judson also describes the types of environments in which each species and

But the venom cripples it, weakens it. It runs and catches its prey, finally a meal is secured. It is the apex predator, the island ruler of where it survives.

A mutualistic symbiotic relationship is where both partners benefit from each other. An excellent example would be an oxpecker and a rhino. As the rhino grazes in the field, many ticks and other insects fall upon the rhino. The oxpecker comes in and eats the ticks and other insects off the rhino. Both partners benefit in this situation because the rhino gets the ticks and insects off of it, the oxpecker gets its food from the rhino.

    The change of the relationship from symbiotic to parasitic begins with Sula's return to the Bottoms, signaled by the immense number of robins that entered the town.  Just like Sula, the appearance of the robins came as a

Mating occurs before sunrise and mates are found by scents. When the female lays her eggs it forms a stick that contains thirty to fifty eggs. They hatch after about twenty-five days and they eat the cactus pad. After about two moths in the host cactus they exit the cactus and form cocoons. They become a pupa under the debris on the ground. Once they reach the moth stage they search for a

Coyote and Flea: This relationship is parasitism because the flea is a parasite on the coyote. Parasitism is where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. In this case, the flea benefits by drinking the coyote’s blood. However, the coyote is losing blood which makes it uncomfortable and the coyote has the potential to get a disease.

There must be a breeding system for the

G. spinigerum has a many host life history. The first intermediate host is a small fresh-water crustacean, a cyclopoid copepod (Prommas and Daengsvan, 1933). The eggs hatch in fresh water and water fleas of the genus Cyclops eat the larvae. The water fleas are eaten by small fish. The larvae end up in the stomachs of carnivores. The larva pierce through the stomach wall and relocate around in the host's body for about three months before returning to the stomach and attaching itself in the gastric mucosa. It takes six months to mature. The eggs are carried in the host's feces. If they reach fresh water then the cycle begins again. Paratenic hosts are an important part of the life cycle, and it has been found that the advanced third-stage larvae

L. Scobina are Carnivores (an animal that gets food from killing and eating other animals”). They have a physiological adaptation which by using highly evolved chemo-detection, they are able to locate prey/ food over long distance and touch by extending their siphon from the front of their shell to taste the tell- tale chemicals in the water that reveals the presence of food. L. Scobina like to prey on Chamaesipho columna. They force open the protective plates of C.columna with their muscular foot, and insert their proboscis (long, thin nose) into the flesh to consume it. The proboscis is made up of the radula, oesophagus and mouth. A radula is a special structure used by L. Scobina to scrape food off rocks or create depressions in rocks that