What Is Shoulderer Joint Or Glenohumeral Joint?

Consists of the scapula and the clavicle (shoulder girdle). It attaches the upper appendages to the skeleton and is a major attachment for the major muscle of the neck and trunk.

Q4: Pectoral major is a muscle located in the chest region; it originates from the proximal part of the humerus. Its function is to adduct and rotate the arm. A bicep is a muscle that has two heads or point of origin. Biceps femoris is a muscle located at the back of the thigh, and its function is to flex the knee joint.

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint which allows it a flexion and extension motion.

The anterior deltoid is an agonist in the acceleration part of the throw its origin is the anterior border and upper surface of the lateral third of the clavicle its insertion is the deltoid tuberosity of humerus. The pectoralis major is also an agonist in the acceleration part of the throw its origin is the clavicle, the sternumand upper ribs, and the tendon of the external oblique muscle the insertion is the lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus. The triceps brachii is an agonist in the acceleration part of the throw and an antagonist when the ball is being drawn back. Its long head origin is the infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, its lateral heads origin is above the radial sulcus, and its medial head is below the radial sulcus and its insertion is the olecranon process of ulna. The Infraspinatus is a synergist for the rotator cuff during the acceleration phase. Its origin is the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and its insertion is the middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus. The biceps brachii is an agonist when the ball is being drawn back and an antagonist when the ball is accelerated forward. The origin of its short head is the coracoid process of the scapula and the origin of its long head is the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and its insertion is the tuberosity of the

Shoulder impingement syndrome occurs as the result of chronic and repetitive compression or "impingement" of the rotator-cuff tendons in the shoulder, causing pain and movement problems. It can also be caused by an injury to the shoulder.

The Pectoral girdle is the point of attachment for the upper limbs of the human body. Pectoral girdle and upper limbs are: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulnar and carpal/metacarpal bones and phalanges. The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist and hand.

The knee is a major weight bearing joint which provides mobility & stability during physical activities as well as balance during standing. The joint depends on multiple soft tissue structures to maintain bony alignment during weight bearing & movement and provide wide range of function. If the knee is subjected to forces above its physiologic capacity, bone or soft-tissue structures will be at risk of injury (1).

The shoulder girdle is an intricate anatomic structure representation to maximize three-dimensional motion of the hand and opposing thumb, and although the shoulder is often thought of as synonymous with the glenohumeral joint, it is in fact possessed of four separate joints, (acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, glenohumeral and scapulothoracic), as well as numerous muscles and ligaments that follow synergistically to limit gesture of the upper extremity. Make headway in cross-sectional imaging over the past decade have insurrection imaging of the shoulder girdle, mainly with deem to the soft-tissue structures. Trauma to the shoulder is common. Usually injuries range from a separated shoulder resulting from a fall onto the shoulder

Strapping has the theoretical advantages in reducing glenohumeral subluxation (GHS) and preserving range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder joint. There is different strapping technique that claims to reduce shoulder subluxation at the same time allowing upper arm to move actively and passively. According to Hanger et al. (2000), strapping of the hemiplegic shoulder is used as a method for preventing or reducing shoulder subluxation and may provide a certain level of sensory stimulation. It also stabilise glenohumeral joint, support surrounding musculature and decrease inflammation. Current understandings described that strapping has potential to reduce pain, increase range of motion (Griffin & Bernhart, 2006) and long-terms effects

(Peterson and Redlund-Johnell, 2009). Functional movements of the joint include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction both frontal and transverse plane, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction. The shoulder also allows for scapular protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression (Quillen, Wuchner, Hatch, 2004). The primary stabilisers of the shoulder are the biceps brachii (anterior side of the arm), and tendons of the rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) which stabilise the joint by fusing to all sides of the capsule except the inferior margin (Tami, Akutsu and Yano, 2013). The joint capsule and the ligaments of the GH joint work together to provide passive restraint, ensuring the humeral head remains in contact with the glenoid fossa. The lateral attachment of the GH joint capsule attaches to the anatomical neck of the humerous while the glenoid and the labrum are the medial attachment points (Dutton, 2008). When the arm is in the resting position, the inferior and anterior portions of the capsule is loose, while the superior portion is tight.

Introduction: The glenohumeral joint has the most instability but most range of motion when compared to any other joint in the body. It requires the labrum, ligaments and capsule to maintain stability and function. A glenoid labrum tear disrupts this joint leading to pain and instability (Fitzcharles). Tears in the labrum are common in athletes who use repetitive motions of the shoulder, such as football quarterbacks, baseball pitchers and weightlifters. These tears can sometimes be mistaken as glenohumeral join instability, adhesive capsulitis and shoulder impingement (Painful).

The biceps brachii arises from the scapula by two heads. The long (lateral head) arising from the supraglenoid tubercle, descends within the capsule of the shoulder joint and lies in the intertubercular groove. The short (medial head) arises from the coracoid process in common with the coracobrachialis. The insertion is into the tuberosity of the radius (posterior part) and the fascia of the forearm (and ultimately the ulna) by means of the bicipital aponeurosis. The biceps and brachialis are the chief flexors of the forearm. The origin of the brachialis embraces the insertion of the deltoid. The coracobrachialis is generally pierced by the musculocutaneous nerve.

A synovial joint is unreservedly movable diarthroses joints, and they are classified by the sort and range of movement allowed. Hinge joint allows angular and monaxial motion in a single plane 180 degrees, such as opening and shutting the door. The hinge joint is located at the elbow joints, knee joints, ankle joint and the interphalangeal joint. In a ball and socket joint, it is a ball-shaped surface and rounded head of one bone is rested inside a container moulded depression in another. The movements that are allowed are the angular, circumduction, and rotation, triaxial which are moved into all the direction in three dimensions 360 degrees. It found in the shoulder joint and the hip joint. Further, the pivot joints also called the rotary

Allowing for a wide range of movement, the shoulder consists of two main bones the scapula and the humerus with a connecting flexible joint. Arthritis and various shoulder injuries, including a torn rotator cuff or impingement syndrome may cause pain and limit range of motion. Using different shoulder pain management techniques may help in alleviating the symptoms.

The Anterior Thoracic Nerves 1 is part of the thoracic region in the spinal nerve that originates thoracic vertebrae 1 (T1). When T1 is not functional and there is limited activity in the upper extremity, it causes a debilitating condition called scapular winging. The muscles affected are serratus anterior, trapezius, and rhomboids. Loss of function of the Anterior Thoracic Nerves 1 would affect the antagonist muscles of Shoulder Medial Rotation (Serratus anterior, Trapezius, and Rhomboids), not the synergist muscles that create the movement (Pectoralis major, Subscapularis, Latissimus dorsi, Teres major, and Anterior deltoid).