What Is Stuttering?

Stuttering is inherited, there are no known environmental causes. If a person has inherited this trait it can be triggered by a traumatic event. “After stuttering has started, other factors may cause more disfluencies. For example, a child who is easily frustrated may be more likely to tighten or tense speech muscles when disfluencies occur. Such tension may increase how long a disfluency lasts” (asha.org). Stuttering is hidden disorder and it is completely unknown whether or not someone stutters until they speak and their stuttering occurs. However, even then people who are not familiar with this disorder, will not realize that a person has it.

After 60 years of stuttering, Hoagland reminisces about his struggles and triumphs to overcome his stuttering. While attending school, he learned that, “Life can become a matter of measuring the importance of anything you have to say.” He felt that it was

The main purpose of this article is to examine various research on the etiology of stuttering. The experimental research explored various brain circuitries involved, specifically the the basal ganglia. Furthermore, the meta-analysis discussed neuroimaging, lesion, pharmacological, and genetic studies on the neural circuitries connected to persistent developmental stuttering and acquired neurogenic stuttering.

Stuttering may be triggered by being afraid or feeling insecure. For example, most people feel nervous before presenting in front of a class; therefore, the stuttering on a person will show more. They explained two types of stuttering: persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) and acquired stuttering. Developmental stuttering involves the expansion of stuttering while growing up. Acquired stuttering is gained after a traumatic brain injury. There are two different predictors in why stuttering occurs. The first one is triggered by conflicts children undergo through that has not been fixed, and the second one is learned behavior that has not been fixed throughout childhood years. When stuttering is simply a behavior, it is easier to treat. Respiration,

The prevalence of stuttering was studied by surveys by the Center for Disease Control (CDC). This survey was conducted between 1997 and 2008 and sampled over approximately 119,000 children from the age of three to 17. Based on this specific sample a prevalence of 1.60% was uncovered (Yairi & Ambrose, 2013). The incidence of stuttering has been highly debated due to the inconsistency of data in a multitude of studies. The Journal of Fluency Disorders provided a recommended statistic for stuttering of 5% as occurring during the lifespan of an individual (Yairi & Ambrose, 2013).

Stuttering affects an individual’s ability to produce fluent speech and often includes repetitions and prolongations of sounds. This causes disfluency in an individual’s speech. Stuttered speech is prevalent in less than 1 percent of people in the United States, (Bloostein & Ratner, 2008). Currently, there is no known cause of stuttering, but many argue that epidemiologic factors play a crucial role in the origins of stuttering. Factors such as incidence, genetics, the sex of a person, and other influences may impact a change in a health condition. Therefore, it is important to understand current evidence behind epidemiology in stuttering, as well as its prevalence and incidence in the field.

My name is Tandie, and I am a student at Texas State. Most people walk by me everyday not even realizing that I have an impairment, that is, until I open my mouth. Try not to take that in the wrong way, I'm actually very bright. However, if Dr. Burns told me to read this paper in front of the entire class, I would most likely drop the course. This is due to the fact that when I was a child, I was diagnosed with Speech Disfluency, or “stuttering.” Although I've taken countless years of speech therapy, I cannot make it through a conversation without stuttering. But, I don't allow that to hold me back in life. What most people don't realize is that people with speech impairments usually have great communication skills,

Over the history of our world, speech impediments affect many different people. Most of the time, individuals do not even realize the person they are speaking with has a speech disorder. This disorder even impacts icons including Greek philosopher Aristotle, physicist Isaac Newton, singer Elvis Presley, golfer Tiger Woods and actor Bruce Willis. However, one story that stands out involves Kind George VI of England. In his early childhood the prince acquired a stammer; now known mostly as a stutter. He went to a speech therapist, on a regular basis, who taught him how to use the muscles in his mouth to correct his stutter. His therapist also dove into psychological reason that explained why most of his concerns included talking to important people. After some time of seeing his doctor frequently, he improved immensely on his enunciation that he could get through radio session that seemed impossible beforehand. This disorder not only affects icons, like King George, but also a vast majority of children. In the United states alone, stuttering effects five percent of all people (Braunstein). This does not include other speech impediments like lisps and apraxia. Although the exact cause of speech impediments is unknown, studies proves that the disorders can come from genetics, neurological problems, or even psychological like King George. There are also a lot of different way to help correct speech impediments. Nevertheless, the best path for patients to take includea seeing a

After watching the CBS video segment on stuttering, some of the insights that I gained from working with children with this disorder is that it can also be called stammering. Stuttering is an involuntary disruption of the rhythm and flow of speech. The person knows what he or she wants to say but just can’t produce the words fluently. Boys are three to four times more likely to stutter than girls. I found it unique that there are not two people who stutter in the same way. The reason why people may stutter is that it revolves around the brain. Many studies have begun to monitor brainwaves and testing motor skills. Children have mentioned that going to counseling has helped them better their speech and helped their self-confidence. Researchers

According to Byron Y. Newman, O.D. in his article Health Notes, In America there are more than 3 million people who stutter. Women are less likely to stutter than men by 4 times. Apparently, while children are passing through the stage of development, 20% of them are affected by stuttering which shows speech problems simple to be a concern to their parents. Children that last 6 months or more stuttering are about 5%, most of them recover in their late childhood. The other 1% are with the long-term problem. Some recommend reading aloud is easier than for others, I have heard that if people who stutter sing out what they like to say, the stuttering might disappear.

Nye et al., (2013) performed a meta-analysis looking at behavioral stuttering interventions for individuals ages 2-18. The review concluded that clinicians have limited high-quality research to base interventions for PWS (Ney et al., 2013). There is a need for high quality trials that compare treatment and non-treatment groups and trials that compare two different treatment programs (Ney et al., 2013). It would be interesting to examine the effects of DAF and fluency shaping when implemented together to measure the outcomes on fluency, natural sounding speech, and if fluency is maintained after

The judges were made up of 14 people who stutter, 14 SLPs (Speech Language Pathologists) and 14 naïve listeners. A 9-point scale was used to rate the naturalness of speakers who do and do not stutter. The three judging groups varied greatly in how severely they judged the speech samples. The naïve judges were the most critical while the people who stutter were the least critical. All groups agreed that the slower the speech rate was the more unnatural the speech was perceived. In reference to the control group of the non-stutters all groups perceived the non-stutters to sound more

The Camperdown Program would be a suitable as it has been found to be very effective with people over the age of 12 with mild to severe stuttering (Onslow, 2015). Since Eddie fits into this category it would be a good idea to begin this treatment.

Yaruss (2004) introduces childhood stuttering as a communication disorder characterized by atypical disfluencies that interrupt the smooth flow of speech. Some disfluencies, such as phrase repetitions, revisions, interjections, and pauses, are common in the speech of typically developing children; however, atypical disfluencies such as prolongations, blocks, and part or whole-word repetitions may be indicative of developmental, or childhood, stuttering (Yaruss, 2004). Byrd and Gillam (2016) describe secondary stuttering behaviors, such as eye blinking, lip pursing, or arm flapping, that are adaptive compensations a child who stutters (CWS) may develop as a way to escape or avoid stuttering.

Participants were asked to view their VSM recordings at least two times per week and to keep a viewing-log to record personal reflections and the date. In each week of the baseline and treatment phases, three 5-min speech samples were obtained in the following speaking conditions: (a) a face-to-face conversation with an unfamiliar volunteer, (b) a phone conversation with an unfamiliar volunteer, and (c) a conversation at home or work with a familiar person. Authors calculated %SS and syllables spoken per minute (SPM) from the samples to determine whether reductions in stuttering were achieved. The Self-Efficacy Scale for Adults Who Stutter (SESAS) was used to measure participants’ confidence in entering a variety of beyond clinic talking situations. The Locus of Control of Behavior (LCB) was used to assess the extent to which participants perceived events as being under their personal control. The Perceptions of Stuttering Inventory (PSI) was used to assess participants’ perceptions of their stuttering in terms of the parameters of expectancy (PSI-E), avoidance (PSI-A), and struggle behaviors (PSI-S). Exit interviews were conducted to discuss any changes experienced in speech fluency, attitudes and feelings about speech, viewing practices including frequency of viewing, and