What Is Sucralose?

The mechanism of action of dulaglutide involves activation of GLP-1 receptor; a membrane-bound cell surface receptor coupled to adenyl cyclase in β cells. Increase in intracellular cells leads to a glucose-dependent release of insulin. Reduction in the secretion of glucagon and slow gastric emptying is done by Dulaglutide (K). Continued administration of dulaglutide increases fasting insulin and C-peptide concentrations, thus reducing fasting glucagon concentrations. Healthy patients as well as adults with type 2 diabetes have similar dulaglutide pharmacokinetics. It occurs slowly, but is well absorbed into the systemic circulation, thus reaching a maximum plasma concentration.

As the names imply, sucrase breaks down sucrose (which is composed of one glucose and one fructose monosaccharide), maltase breaks down maltose (which is composed of two glucose monosaccharides), and isomaltase breaks down starches (which is a polysaccharide composed of more than two sugars linked together). People with CSID can break down starches to an extent, but usually cannot fully do so due to the inhibited enzymatic activity of sucrase-isomaltase (which breaks down 60-80% of starches in the small intestine (CSID Cares)).

Based on my findings in the two given articles, I am choosing to support the safety of sucralose as a nonnutritive sweetener. As mentioned in the article, “ Sweeteners Facts and Fallicies,” there is little research on the effects of sucralose in the human systems. In fact, it wasn’t until I did my own search of sucralose in the database that I realized just how limited recent studies, or studies as a whole for that matter, were in terms of effects on humans. Majority of research, much of which was used in the determination of consumption safety, was performed on lab rats. As a consumer, opting heavily for the nonnutritive sweetener, “Splenda,” I find it extremely unsettling that there isn’t more extensive data on the direct effects that the

After oral administration, tacrolimus is absorbed rapidly in most patients and reaches its peak plasma/blood concentration in 30 minutes to one hour. While in some patients it is absorbed slowly over a prolonged period, resulting in a flat absorption profile. Tacrolimus has a large variability in the rate of absorption and absolute bioavailability between individuals. It ranges from 5%–93% and approximately 25% of the oral dose is bioavailable due to an active barrier to drug absorption (Venkataramanan et al., 1995). The poor water solubility of tacrolimus and reduced gut motility in transplant recipients is responsible for the poor and erratic absorption of tacrolimus. Since tacrolimus is well-known as a substrate of CYP3A iso-enzymes, its poor bioavilability is to a large extent caused by presystemic metabolism of tacrolimus in the gut wall and liver (Tuteja et al., 2001).

As doses shift from low to high, the relative importance of individual enzymes involved in the metabolism may also shift. For example, at the high dose, oxon formation correlated best the CYP3A4 activity, while at the low dose, oxon formation correlated best with the higher affinity enzyme CYP2B6. Nutrition plays a role in metabolism(Croom, 2012). Poor nutrition limits the available energy for metabolism. Metabolizing enzymes require cofactors and micronutrients that may be lost with inadequate nutrition. Food itself can change the amount of xenobiotic available for metabolism by affecting its solubility, as well as by altering gastric emptying and bioavailability(Croom, 2012). Oral exposures involve first-pass metabolism, where the bulk of the blood collected from gastrointestinal tract first passes through the liver before being transported to the rest of the body(Croom, 2012). For xenobiotics with significant dermal absorption or significant exposure through inhalation, this can dramatically increase the amount available in the circulation and if the target organ is capable of bioactivation result in significant toxicity in that

Minor health effects it can possess is the irritation of the skin and eyes. Overconsumption of sucrose can lead to serious health issues. This includes obesity, type 2 diabetes, and tooth decay. When a lot sucrose is consumed, a large amount of insulin is produced. (live strong) Overtime, high insulin can wear out the insulin receptors causing high blood glucose, also known as type 2 diabetes. (livestrong dangers of sucrose) Bacteria can grow on teeth where there is left over sucrose. An acid is produced which will eventually affect the tooth enamel and cause tooth decay. Sugar should be consumed in moderation to prevent health

The urea, uric acid and creatinine levels were significantly higher in the diabetic rats compared to those of control rats. This is because of the increased utilization of protein as a consequence of impaired carbohydrate metabolism due to hypoinsulinemia (Finco, 1984). The serum urea, uric acid and creatinine levels showed a decreasing trend in Wistar rats treated with 400 mg/kg of fenugreek. When treated with 800 mg/kg of fenugreek the above three parameters showed a marked decrease attaining a near to normal value when compared to that of the control rats (Khalid et al, 2010). This indicates the increased peripheral utilization of glucose preferential to protein with a high dose of fenugreek. When treated with metformin there was a reduction in the levels of serum urea, uric acid and creatinine in diabetic rats. These results are similar to that of a previous study in which

M.L. was prescribed Prelone (Prednisolone) to treat the cellulitis noted on the right side of his face. Prednisolone is a steroid that inhibits the release of substances in the body that result in inflammation. The mechanism of action acts by altering the body's immune reaction to several disorders and reducing inflammation. Prednisolone is used to treat various conditions such as allergic disorders, arthritis, breathing disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, lupus, psoriasis, and skin conditions. Prelone (Prednisolone) acts by the reducing inflammation by suppression of migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability. It suppresses the immune system by decreasing activity and volume of the lymphatic

Millions of people around the world indulge in foods and drinks containing the leading artificial sweetener, aspartame. Since the discovery of this substance in 1965, copious studies have been conducted to determine the possible health effects it may have. Aspartame includes two ingredients: aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Both are naturally occurring amino acids that are produced by our bodies and obtained from food. Although aspartame was created as a healthier alternative to reduce sugar intake, activists debate links between aspartame and a multitude of ailments ranging from weight gain to cancer. Nevertheless, food and beverage companies continue to mass-market products including artificial sweeteners. Therefore we must ask

The origin of Splenda is derived from a laboratory mistake and thus it results in a chemical chlorinated sugar, produced by chemosensors later on in the food processing industry (Hull, 2004). In 1976, the creators of Sucralose Tate and Lyle made Splenda have an alternative sweet taste sensation that was indistinguishable to sugar( ). However, the synthetic molecule structure of Splenda does not contain any real sugar ingredient, even though its chemical name “sucralose” is similar to the natural sugar “sucrose”. With indigestible property, this new unnatural structure prevents Splenda from being metabolized as body energy and at least 15% of sucralose is permanently accumulated in the digestive system. (Mercola, 2006) Thus, it reveals the fact that Splenda does not comprise any calories and

It is usually completely absorbed when administered parenterally.. About 50% of methotrexate in the serum is bound to plasma proteins. It can therefore be displaced by various compounds including sulfonamides, salicylates, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and phenytoin. Methotrexate, when given orally or parenterally, does not cross the blood-CSF barrier in therapeutic concentrations. However, intrathecal administration yields high CSF concentrations of the drug. Polyglutamated compounds are formed from methotrexate due to hepatic metabolism that may be also be reverted to form MTX by the enzymes hydrolases. The terminal half-life of methotrexate is nearly three to ten hours in those receiving doses less than 30 mg/m2 and can be 8 - 15 hours for those receiving higher doses of the drug. The primary route of elimination is renal and excretion and is dependent upon the dose as well as route of

Suppositories may have a reduced bioavailability and this is due to the unpredictable or incomplete absorption of the drug in the rectum. Another reason for reduced bioavailability could be due to inter and intra patient variation [6]. The use of fatty base, which melts at body temperature (37 °C), may also lead to problems such as leakages. Because of this, patients may feel uncomfortable and it could lead to a compliance issue as patients may find this situation embarrassing. Suppositories might migrate to the upper rectum due to its poor retention in the rectum. This makes the suppository more susceptible to first pass metabolism and hence lowers the potential drug bioavailability

Glucosamine is one of the biological components that helps to create more support for the joints and helps to exert a protective effect against joint destruction in conditions associated with osteoarthritis. In healthy glucosamine is produced in the body naturally. Because one of the ingredients of glucosamine is glucose, a naturally occurring sugar classified as an amino sugar. However, glucosamine does not behave in the body as an energy source. Instead, it serves to blend sulphur into the cartilage and other body tissues. It is involved to maintain and repair the bones, joints, cartilage & in the treatment of degenerative joint diseases (Chiusaroli et al., 2011; Distler and Anguelouch, 2006; Rangle and Sawitzke, 2012). Glucosamine is also involved in constructing nails, skin, eyes, bones, ligaments, tendons, heart valves, discharging mucous from the respiratory system, digestive system, and urinary tract.

The conventional suppositories have problems related to the release of the drug. They take a long time to melt and release the drug leading to delayed therapeutic effects. Also, the suppositories have a reduced bioavailability and this is due to the unpredictable or incomplete absorption of the drug in the rectum. Furthermore, conventional suppositories have a poor retention in the lower rectum. This causes the suppository to migrate to the upper rectum making it more susceptible to first pass metabolism hence reducing

Sucralose is an artificial sweetener and is also used as a sugar substitute; it is calorie free and is derived from sucrose. Sucralose is up to 600 times sweeter than sugar. Sucralose has been a numerous amount of studies, and it has clearly demonstrated it is safe for consumers. One of the main benefits is that Sucralose does not interact with other ingredients in food. “Specific studies have confirmed that it is unlikely to undergo interactions with commonly used food ingredients such as preservatives and added nutrients” (Goldsmith & Merkel 2011)