What Is The Contential Effects Of The Acquisition Of Depression?

The classical conditioning theory is a theory where an organism learns to associate two things together. In this case, pain and fear are associated with needles. This theory includes an uncontrolled stimulus (UCS), uncontrolled response (UCR), controlled stimulus (CS), and controlled response (CR). An uncontrolled stimulus (UCS) creates an uncontrolled response (UCR) that has not been learned yet by relating the two. This leads to a controlled stimulus (US) creating a controlled response (CR) that act upon one another. With my brothers fear of needles he went to the doctors to get a shot. He got the

Van der Kolk (1987) notes that human responses to trauma are relatively constant across various types of traumatic stimuli, where individuals have poor tolerance to arousal stimuli and may experience social and emotional withdrawal. These changes in the body’s arousal and perception prevent the continuance of “normal” life, and require help.

Shock – The initial reaction can sometimes be shock, this will automatically reduce the individuals performance as they will fear the unknown.

The classical conditioning model was one of the first theories used to describe phobias. Many years ago, scientists observed that one could willingly elicit a fear response in an animal or human through systematic teaching. For example, if every time a rat is presented with a low buzzing noise, it is electrically shocked, eventually, when it hears the noise alone (with no shock), it will exhibit symptoms of fear. (3) Scientists

First of all, I would like to begin by describing my experience of learning to fear roller coasters, with regards to classical conditioning. To give some context to the situation, I was a brave girl wanting to tame a structure much larger than herself because I had the belief that I was invincible. I strongly believe that my fear of roller coasters can be explained using Pavlov’s “classical conditioning.” Classical conditioning is the type of learning that occurs via making associations. In other words, classical conditioning is a type of learning by which a natural stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response (Feist, 2008, p.449).

In the articles, there was a definitive link between the body’s central nervous system and sensory defensiveness. Sensory modulation is described as how the body’s nervous system regulates and organizes its reactions to sensory input (Kimball, Lynch, Steward, Williams, Thomas & Atwood 2007). Habituation and sensitization are two of the ways that the brain adjusts and organizes itself (Bhopti & Brown 2013). Regulation of habituation and sensitization is required for a person to remain in their individual range of optimal performance (Kimball et al.,

All the experiments performed by Rau, Decola, & Fanselow support a phenomenon in which prior exposure to several shocks enhances subsequence learning of conditional fear. Based on the data they suggested that this effect occurs because the potent pre-shock experience sensitized the subject’s susceptibility to acquire conditional fear. It also proves that this procedure may serve as a model of specific components of PTSD. This series of experiment provides insight into the possible treatments for PTSD. Neither behavioral nor pharmacological elimination of the fear to the original traumatic context was capable of alleviating the effects of the stressor. It will is important for future studies to determine the mechanisms for this sensitization, which will be able to provide a complete treatment for PTSD.

Systematic desensitization is a venerable behavior therapy for fear and anxiety. Usually it entails remaining deeply relaxed while visualizing a series of increasingly fearsome scenes in which the patient confronts targeted events or situations. There are many theories about how systematic desensitization reduces fear; most “theories” are post hoc claims that systematic desensitization instantiates some other training regimen or process such as respondent extinction, habituation, counterconditioning, or self-efficacy augmentation. Joseph Wolpe's original theory of how systematic desensitization works appeals to learned inhibition of anxiety that is based on parasympathetic inhibition of sympathetic activation. Criteria have been developed to

Exhibited on the right of the image, the mice that were injected with Calypsol a week before the experiment would simultaneously explore and socialize while under stress. Recounting the experiment Branchman states, “We had our undergrads run it, we had our collaborators half way across the world in France run it. Every time someone ran it they confirmed the same thing. This one injection of Calypsol was somehow protecting from stress for weeks” (Branchman). This para-vaccine can enhance stress resilience and prevent against the development of PTSD. If used by the military and first responders, people prone to stress, can develop a lower probability of developing PTSD. A limitation to this solution is that these experiments have only been performed on animals. As this drug is in its early stages of development it is still prone to change and reformation. Although it will take years to develop a FDA-approved Calypsol, we can look toward the use of other forms of cures to PTSD in the meantime.

It was found during experimentation that mice that did not produce stathmin were less likely than other mice to freeze up when confronted with a frightening event, as were mice that produced more GRP (NIMH, n.d.). Scientists have also noted that different parts of the brain are involved in the formation and extinction fear memories and that size and structure influence how well these parts of the brain do their jobs. Since all of the above are dictated by a person’s genes, scientists theorize that there exist genetic quirks that make a person more or less susceptible to PTSD (NIMH, n.d.). Though there are external factors that could be at play as well — head trauma, a good childhood versus a troubled one, the presence of a support system or the lack thereof, etc. — there is evidence supporting a genetic proclivity toward PTSD in the fact that identical twins are more likely to both suffer from PTSD than fraternal twins (Oltmanns & Emery, 2012). This means there is a hope that examination of genetic and other factors may one day lead to the ability to predict who will suffer from PTSD and who will not.

Arguably, an organism is better described as an information seeker, forming relations amongst events from information provided by a stimulus. For example, Rescorla suggests that contiguity is an insufficient example of Pavlovian Conditioning. As shown in simple CS/US parings, learning was determined by how the two stimuli differ, not in what they share, showing that contiguity is not a necessity, (Rescorla, 1988). Furthermore, systematic fear conditioning scenarios imply the base rate of US occurrence against a CS/US contiguity is also sensitive to conditioning. Evidence for this can be found in previous work that validates the current conclusion. Rescorla (1968, p. 1), argues that contingency over contiguity is an important determinant of fear conditioning, and refers to contingency as the “relative probability of occurrence of US in the presence of a CS as contrasted with its probability in the absence of CS.” Rescorla’s (1988) adaptation of these results measures asymptotic fear levels, (where each curve shows conditioning as an increasing function of the likelihood of receiving a shock during the tone), supporting the continued importance of perceived fear in associations. Furthermore, results from studies on Blocking, Conditioned Inhibition and Auto-shaping in pigeons suggest that the simplistic notion of previous theory

The Little Albert experiment was done on an infant boy called Albert. He was tested on his reactions to different stimulus. Unconditioned Stimulus is any stimulus that can cause a response without the organism going through any previous learning. Little Albert was considered as unemotional because he did not show fear of this stimuli, however when a hammer was struck against a steel bar behind his head made him feel fear. This is what we call and unconditioned stimuli. This noise made little Albert burst into tears. In this study, the infant was shown a rabbit, a white rat, monkey, and various masks. This is considered the Conditioned Stimulus on this experiment. A Conditioned Stimulus is a formerly neutral stimulus that, after merging with

One of the most famous American Psychologists, John B. Watson, conducted numerous experiments that helped establish a clearer understanding of how the human brain associates response to certain situations. In one of his more famous experiments, Watson tested the conditioned emotional response of a small child. This child, Albert, was eleven months old and was one of “the most developed youngsters ever brought to the hospital” (Watson, 1). It was noted that he never presented fear in any situation, and rarely ever cried. For this reason, Albert was a strong subject for testing throughout the conditioned response experiment. Ultimately, Watson hoped to answer the research question: “Are reactions and behaviors of humans a result of conditioning, or are they naturally implemented in humans from birth?”. However, before Watson began the experiment, he hypothesized that all behaviors are a result of conditioning. Similar to previous observations made, Watson’s goal was to implement stimuli, triggering an emotional response while a certain object was in the child’s possession. If Watson’s hypothesis was correct, a fear reaction would be triggered when the same object was shown to Albert.

Some clinicians have reported that patients undergoing aversive treatment utilizing electric shocks have experienced increased anxiety and anxiety-related symptoms that may interfere with the conditioning process as well as lead to decreased acceptance of the treatment. Few clinicians have reported a worrisome increase in hostility among patients receiving aversion therapy, especially those undergoing treatment using chemical aversants. Although aversion therapy has some

In these test trials, the CS is presented alone and the CR is measured. Compared between trypophobia and the experiment of Ivan Pavlov, I found that there are striking similarities. According to the interview I have done above , we can regard her skin (with anaphylactic reaction) as conditioned stimulus, regard something with clusters of hole as unconditioned stimulus (because my cousin do no fear of density things before), and regard the response of scaring of density stuff as conditioning response.