What Is The Diffusion Synchronization Protocol

From the figure, it can be seen that host1, host3, host 4 sends messages through the times say t1,t2,t3,t4 and the times are increasing.

The Two-Tier Data Dissemination (TTDD) assumes that the sensor nodes are stationary and location aware and sinks are allowed to change their location dynamically [9]. When any change is sensed by sensors the source node will generate the reports. Then the source node chooses itself as a start crossing point and sends data to its adjacent crossing points. This is also used in which nodes are stationery for multiple mobile sinks.

In this section, we present the details of proposed protocol. Our protocol implements the idea of probabilities for cluster heads selection based on initial energy and residual energy of sensor nodes as well as the average energy of the sensor network.

This protocol use Dijkstra algorithm. It maintains a complex data base, also called as link state database, which contains full information about the remote routers and the exact network topology. The goal from this protocol is to provide similar information about network connection to each router, so each router can calculate the best route to each network this is happen when each router generates information about itself and pass these information to other routers in the network so each router make a copy of this information without changing it.

Suppose Host A sends one segment with sequence number 38 and 4 bytes of data over a TCP connection to Host B. In this same segment the acknowledgment number is necessarily 42.

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

Proposed system is a cooperative system in which each host will monitor its surrounding nodes and maintain a database about the transmission of its own as well as its neighbor nodes transmission.

1) GTT is constructed for one-hop as well as for multi-hop nodes. Estimation of Global Reputation: i new(j) = w1R R Where w1+wr = 1 and w2+w3 = 1 (adequate weights)

The most intuitive solutions to this problem would be to imagine that there is a special cluster

Network nodes can have logical or actual communication with all devices,this communication mostly defines the type of network topology, depending on the application. Sensors are able to be pair with all the topologies types but, in some cases, the sensors may not be appropriate for all the networks. Most logical network topology tends to be defined depending on their logical roles. Centralized configuration techniques are always appropriate for networks whereby the processing power capacity specifically depends on a specific but unique device. The device is responsible for coordination, processing, and management of any information activities that is sensed within the environment. From here, it forwards the grasped information to a sink node. This, therefore, means that the sensors are quite reliable in grasping information (Karl, Holger, and Willig 2005, 105). The advantage of this network arrangement is the centralized configuration allows more energy management and roaming is usually allowed inside the network to facilitate

There are numerous of taking-turn protocols, two are polling protocol and token-passing protocol. The polling protocol requires one of the node to be designated as a master node. The master polls each of the nodes in a round-robin fashion. The master first sends a message to node 1, saying that it can transmit. After node 1 transmits, the master sends a message to node 2 it can transmit The master determines when a node has finished sending its frames by observing the lack of a signal on the channel. The procedure continues in this manner, with the master polling each of the nodes in a cyclic manner. (Kurose 459) An advantage of this type of protocol is it avoids collisions, since nodes are only allowed to transmit when they are given access to the channel. Disadvantage to polling, are delays, as transmitters have to wait for the poll and the centralization with the requirement for a master to conduct the polling, if it fails the entire channel becomes inoperative. Token-passing protocol there is no master node, instead special-purpose frame known as a token is exchanged among the nodes in some order. When a node receives a token, it holds onto the token only if it has some frames to transmit; otherwise, it immediately forwards the token to the next node. If a node does have frames to transmit when it receives the token, it sends up to a maximum number of frames and then forwards the token to the next node. (Kurose 459) Advantage of token-passing protocol is it

Cross-Fault Tolerance (XFT) is new trending protocol that makes BFT more feasible and efficient, also attack model is simplified. [17] Most of the BFT protocols believes in adversary which is used to handle compromised nodes, also message delivery of entire network. To handle such a powerful adversity results complexity and therefore becomes less efficient. To overcome this issue XFT is used to provide perfect service as long as replicas are perfect and communicates with each other continuously. Same number of resources are uses as used by protocols that can handle failures and also can

Because CAMs/BSMs and DENMs are broadcasted and exchanged during the CCH time interval, therefore, in the proposed algorithm, Trmax = 10 and Trmin= 1. If all nodes are synchronized to transmit at specific period of time (CCH interval); if the channel bandwidth is large enough, then each node will receive a message copy of its neighbours. This is the main

In this paper, we present a new method called NGEKF algorithm for tracking moving targets in a wireless sensor network (WSN). Until now, several methods have been presented for target tracking. These approaches face limitations that affect the efficient operation of WSN such as high energy consumption, high implementation cost and low speed or accuracy (e.g. Extended Kalman Filter and combination of Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Kalman Filter (KF+MLE)). Hence, other literatures have proposed methods which consider the sensor scheduling problem as finding the optimal sequence of the sensors to estimate the target position. These algorithms reduce the energy consumption and increase the network lifetime (e.g. Mutual Information (MI) and

Keywords: Delay Tolerant Network (DTN), The ONE (Opportunistic Network) simulator, Movement Models, Routing protocols, TTL (time to live).