What Is Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia?

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that majorly affects the brainand the spinal cord (A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, 1). The disease affects the central nervous system and thus causes limitations of individuals to carry out various activities. In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheath that covers nerve cell axon is destroyed causing inflammation (MediResource Inc., 1). Destructionof the membrane leads to slowed conveyance of signals from the spinal cord to the brain, which as a result leads to reduced response to different stimuli. Inflammation of the nerve occurs mostly when the immune cells from the body attack the nervous system. The inflammation is not only limited to the spinal cord, but sometimes extends to

Auto immune hemolytic anemia is a disorder where the body attacks itself. The body attacks and lysis its own red blood cells. The immune system recognizes the red blood cells as foreign invaders, targets them and destroys them. Red blood cells are either destroyed in the vessel as it circulates or when its circulates through the liver or spleen. Hemoglobin is released by the red blood cells and the liver is overworked as it tries to break it down. Oxygen is delivered to cells and tissue via hemoglobin and can cause symptoms such as lethargy, tachypnea, tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, and disorientation due to lack of oxygen. Vomiting and poor appetite can also be experienced symptoms. Auto immune hemolytic anemia is diagnosed with blood

Symptoms that can be in Hodgkin disease (lymphoma) like there is small red spots under the skin which is called petechlae, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, headaches, trouble breathing, joint and bone pain, not hungry or short appetite, sweating while sleeping, weight loss, chills, fever. Anemia is a low red blood cell count. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. Their condition could help out in the weakness or the shortness of the breath. Leukopenia is a low white blood cell count. It is a decrease in a production of functional leukocytes (white blood

There are multiple symptoms for Non-Hodgkin lymphoma such as; having night sweats, weight loss without trying or a change in diet or exercise, a fever, feeling breathlessness or having a persistent cough, itching all the over body. if the glands in the stomach are swollen the sufferer may have abdominal pains or indigestion. some people with lymphoma have an abnormal cell in their bone marrow and may suffer from fatigue or persistent tiredness, increase risks of infections, and excessive bleeding through nosebleeds, heavy periods and spots of blood under the skin. (Jerry R. Balentine

It gives the coefficient of variation of the red blood cell volume in percentage and thereby expresses the width of the volume curve. Traditionally, the measure is used in the differential diagnosis of anemia [9]. Because RDW becomes elevated earlier than other blood parameters, it is also helpful for early diagnosis of nutritional deficiency. Folic acid and B12 deficiencies will often present with high values of both MCV and RDW, while an iron deficiency anemia is characterized by a high RDW and low MCV. If blood cells are fragmented, agglutinated or dimorphic, this may also cause an elevation in RDW, and blood samples with elevated levels might need to be examined in a peripheral

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder most commonly found amongst the Caucasian population. In the United States, the reported prevalence of CF for the Caucasian population is 1:3200, for African American is 1:15000 and for Asian American is 1:310001.

The symptoms of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia usually begin slowly before rapidly getting severe as the number of blast cells in the blood increase. Most of the symptoms are caused by the lack healthy blood cells in the blood supply. Symptoms of this disease include: pale skin, feeling tired and/or breathless, having repeated infections over a short period of time, unusual and frequent bleeding, such as nosebleeds and bleeding gums, high temperatures, night sweats, bone and joint pain, easily bruised skin, swollen lymph nodes, abdominal pain caused by a swollen liver or spleen, unexplained weight loss, and a purple skin rash or also known as a purpura. The symptoms could relate to a different illness or maybe just a common cold. Although they are quite common, they could be a path to an extremely cruel

The blood test can validate the number of abnormal cells that are present, similar to a bone marrow biopsy, while a CT scan can confirm the swelling of lymph nodes or if the liver and/or spleen are enlarged. Even though WM and Multiple Myeloma are similar, they can be verified via x-ray. Blood test can be used to determine if it is WM. The estimated normal range for Igm is 45 – 250 mg/dl. Large amounts of IgM can cause hyperviscosity, thickening of the blood, affecting the blood flow through smaller vessels and causing symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, headache, dizziness, and loss of energy. Bleeding from the gums and nose and peripheral neuropathy are also common symptoms of this disorder. Raynaud's phenomenon, a condition in which some areas of the body feel numb and cool in certain circumstances, can also cause blood vessels to tighten slowing the blood down causing the circulation to cut off in certain parts of the body. Not all patients with WM will suffer hyperviscosity or Raynaud's

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by the proliferation of malignant cells in the bone marrow (Porth, 2009). Also known as plasma cell myeloma, myelomatosis, medullary plasmacytosis or Kahler’s disease, MM results from the development of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (referred to as an M-protein), a monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain, or both (Ferreira, 2013). Patients with MM can present with a wide range of signs and symptoms including bone fractures, anemia and kidney damage or no symptoms at all (Lobban & Perkins, 2013). This creates a diagnostic challenge to clinicians as many of these conditions are of benign etiology (Lobban & Perkins, 2013). The individual variations among patients with

James is a 74-year-old male who is diagnosed with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (C88.0), along with bipolar disorder and anxiety. James is status post splenectomy, roughly about 10.5 years, along with taking Ibrance, but still experienced aggressive disease progression. His most recent PET/CT scan concluded diffuse new hypermetabolic metastases involving the left palatine tonsil, lingual tonsils, multiple cervical, mediastinal, axillary, retroperitoneal, intrapelvic and left inguinal lymph nodes, with a new 8.4 cm metastasis located medial to the left kidney, resulting in moderated left hydro nephrosis, and a new right perirectal metastasis. James is also experiencing weight loss, fatigue, loss of appetite, depression, abdominal pain, constipation

The first symptoms are usually non- specific and include anorexia, irritability and lethargy. Fever is the most common finding, occurring in approximately sixty percent of patients. Progressive bone marrow failure leads to anemia,

To sample and process XLA the quantity of the B cells in the peripheral blood should be measured. An absence or a significantly low measurement of the B cells in the blood is the most distinguishing and trustworthy lab diagnosis in patients with XLA.

Another form, MM, can procure general paraneoplastic symptoms comprised of appetite loss, nausea, retropulsion and tiredness. Patients who experienced additional brain, liver, bone, abdomen or lymph nodal metastases also had MM. (2)

It also has been used as a marker of microvascular endothelial injury and thrombotic events in various diseases, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiple sclerosis and rheumatic diseases. Previous studies have reported that elevated sTM is associated with the disease activity of SLE, nephritis and vasculitis. So, it is an established marker of endothelial cell damage (HO et al., 2003)

As we already know, Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by demyelinated regions known as plaques/lesions. It is a combination of patient’s history, neurological exam and para-clinical evidence such as MRI, evoked potentials and spinal tap that will allow a physician to come to the diagnosis. Evoked potential tests include VEP, BAEP'S, and SSEP'S. It is a painless procedure where electrodes are placed on the head and body.(14) ‘Response is recorded to determine where delays in nerve transmission occur.’ (14) This is a way of measuring where the demyelination has occurred. A physician will generally perform an eye examination especially if the patients is suffering from balance difficulties or eye strain. (14) ‘Optical coherence tomography (OCT)