What Is a Mac Address?

The fifth layer is the session layer this establishes a connection,this layer makes and sets up the connection using co ordinates and could terminate conversations links. the session layer produces services that make authentication after an interruption and not only that but it can reconnect.and as well as the transporting layer it can also have the TCP and the UDP can provide services for all most all applications.An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. The application layer abstraction is used in both of the standard models of computer networking; the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model).Although both models use the same term for their respective highest level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.In TCP/IP, the application layer contains the communications protocols and interface methods used in process-to-process communications

System extension used to make an association between two different PC systems or to gap one system into two. LAN switch-gives a focal association between two or more PCs on a system.

name that other computers use to identify one another in a network. Internet protocol is

The OSI (Open System Interconnection) model is a set of specifications that allow computers around the world to openly communicate. It is pivotal to understanding and developing computer to computer communications in a network. Each layer plays a role in the process of sending and receiving data. The application layer is the top layer (layer seven) it promotes communication between programs and lower-layer network services. The services at this layer allow the network to decipher a program's request and the program to decipher data sent from the network. The Application layer protocols, programs handles formatting, procedure, security, synchronization, and any other requirements with the network. The Presentation Layer (layer 6) acts as a translator. For instance these protocols decode the jpg/jpeg files sent within the Web server’s HTTP response. So, in the last step (the Application layer) we enter the Web address and it took us to the Web site. This step allows us to see the images and content of the site. The Session Layer (layer 5) regulates and controls the communication between two nodes on the network. It is an ongoing exchange of data between the two and keeps the connection between them for the duration. It keeps the communication secure, detects whether or not the communication has been cut off and if it has it determines where to restart the

The OSI Model is a model is used to define how data is theoretically passed on a network. Each layer is responsible and has its own duties for a network. The name of layer 3 in the OSI is the Network Layer. This layer is responsible for creating the paths for the transmission of data across the network. This layer provides routing and switching capabilities, as well as, internetworking, congestion control, and packet sequencing (Beal, 1999).

NIC - A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface card, network adapter, LAN adapter, and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network

An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label given to each device participating in a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication

The Application layer within the OSI reference model is where the application and the user communicates. In other words, the application layer is the ending of data that is transferred in visual form to the user. This layer provides the interface between the applications we use to communicate and the underlying network over which our messages are transmitted. The Application Layer functions are to provide the interface for application-specific protocols commonly used such as HyperText Transfer (HTTP), file transfer (FTP), Simple mail transfer (SMTP), Internet message Access (IMAP),

28. Pg 173 IP Address. Hosts have logical IP addresses (changeable) TCP/IP is in the network layer. The MAC address is the physical layer. Mac addresses cannot be changed. ARP is used to connect a logical IP with a MAC.

The layer starts from 7 being the top layer and 1 being the lowest layer of the OSI model. Application layer- Serves as the window for users and application processes to access networks services like web browser (Internet explorer, Mozilla) protocols – DNS & SSH etc. Presentation layer- Translates data from the format send into the format that program can understand. Session Layer- Starts and end session and also keeps them isolated protocols- SMB,NFS, Socks and allows session establishment between processes running on different stations. Network- Determines addressing method for being transmitted. Transport- Defines ports and reliability protocols- TCP, UDP. Network- logical or IP addressing: Determines best path for the destination protocols- IPV4, IPV6, ICMP, IPsec. Data link- Contain data into a frame that contains a header with a destination. Switches, Mac addressing protocols- PPTP, Token Ring. Physical Link- Determines the hardware used and the method used for data transmission like cables, network interface cards, electrical

Access control: When two or more devices are attached to the same link, data link layer protocols determine which device has control over the link at any given time.

Limoncell, T. A., Hogan, C. J., & Chalup, S. R. (2007). The Practice of System and Network Administration, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley Professional.

“IEEE 802 subdivides the data link layer into sublayers, namely the logical link control (LLC) and media access control (MAC) layers, which provide protocol multiplexing and a multi-access mechanism, respectively. IEEE 802 is comprised of standards with separate working groups that regulate different communication networks, including IEEE 802.1, 802.3, 802.11 and 802.15.” (Technopedia, 2014).

The ability to send and receive data efficiently is the most important objective of networking computers.

Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host-to-host data transfer, and application-specific data transmission formats.