What Muscles Are Involved in Dorsiflexion of the Foot and What Changes Occur in the Lower Foot

1 . Describe the Major bones, muscles,joints and joint actions used to perform this movement skill and how they influence the way the body moves.

This activity is the critical driving force of muscle contraction. The stream of action potentials along the muscle fiber surface is terminated as Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is broken down by acetyl cholinesterase. The release of Calcium ions is ceased. The action of the myosin molecule heads is obstructed because of the change in the configuration of troponin and tropomyosin due to the absence of calcium ions. This will eventually cause the contraction to be ceased. Together with these physical processes, an external stretching force such as gravity pulls the muscle back to its normal length.

throughout her lower extremities bilaterally. She has 2+ knee and angle jerks bilaterally. Straight leg raising is accomplished at 90° on the left, however on the right patient complains of low back and leg pain at 60°.

The left metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) joints are held at slight flexion pressed against the ground by a concentric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum longus. The left talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed using a concentric contraction of the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The right talocrural (ankle) is plantar flexed by a concentric contraction of the tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertius. The left tibiofermoral (knee) joints are being extended by a concentric contraction of the quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius). The right metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal (great and lesser toes) are being held plantar flexed due to an isometric contraction of the flexor halluces longus, flexor digtorum longus. The right tibiofermoral (knee) joints are flexed at a 90-degree angle by a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus. During this phase the left acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is flexed due to an eccentric contraction of the rectus femoris, pectineus, iliacus, and psoas. The right acetabular fermoral (hip) joint is at slight extension due to a concentric contraction of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and the gluteus

As a result of the contractions in the Muscle- Skeletal Longitudinal Section cells and the Muscle- Skeletal Cross Section cells, it allows your muscle to be able to contract in response to nerve stimuli. This means that the movements of most of these muscles are not involuntary, you can control them. Therefore, once the stimulation stops, the muscles relax.

The key muscles that contract when executing an inversion are the tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior. The muscles that are required to perform a successful eversion are the fibularis brevis and fibularis longus. The next movement is dorsiflextion, which requires the flexion of tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Lastly, the motion of plantar flexion demands the contraction of the gastrocnemius, plantaris soleus, and the fibularis longus. Since the ligaments are weak, the surrounding muscles must be stronger in order to stabilize those ligaments or those ligaments might become very fragile and

assess, diagnose and treat abnormalities and diseases related to the foot and lower limb in people of all ages

Many of the muscles of the foot originate in the leg. Tendons from these muscles attach in the foot and aid in the articulation of the joints. From the anterior leg, the extensor hallucis longus muscle, extensor hallucis brevis muscle, extensor digitorum longus muscle, and the extensor digitorum brevis act as extensors on the phalanges. From the posterior leg, the flexor hallucis longus muscle and flexor digitorum longus muscle act as flexors of the phalanges.

The human foot is representative of bipedalism due to the fact that the evolved enlarged heels are able to bear the amount of body weight that has also increased in terms of evolution. The human foot went from acting as a grasping structure to a platform that supports the entire weight of the body. Because of this, humans have smaller toes than their bipedal ancestors. These smaller toes include the non-opposable hallux which has been relocated in line with other toes. Apart from all of that, humans have a foot arch rather than flat feet, like their bipedal ancestors. While both humans and non-human hominids walk upright, the weight of non-human hominids is transmitted from the heel, along the outside of the foot, and then through the middle toes while for humans, the weight is transmitted from the heel, along the outside of the foot, across the ball of the food, and finally through the big toe. This process also contributes to energy conservation during locomotion.

The foot is usually smaller than an average foot, but this may affect the heel more. This deformity is most often present at birth, meaning that it is congenital. It can be unilateral or bilateral. This deformity affects tendons, blood vessels, muscles, and bones. It causes the heel to point downwards and the front half of the foot to turn inward. This causes the feet to be short and wide and usually causes a tight Achilles tendon. The tarsal bones make up the heel and the middle of the foot, which connect to the metatarsals and the phalanges. Clubfoot predominantly affects the calcaneus, talus, and navicular bones. It could possibly affect more bones than this depending on the severity of the case. The ligaments of the foot are constricted and the joints do not move the way they should. The actual bones themselves are twisted into unusual forms, so it is not simply their position in the foot that is deformed. The foot is unusually stiff and almost sitting sideways. This makes it impossible for a child to put their foot flat on the ground to walk or properly fit their foot into a shoe (Orthopediatrics.com,

Ekbolm (1994). In foot ball, while side cutting, players perform hip extension and abduction , knee flexion and plantar flexion, the main muscles acting is gluteus maximums for hip extension, abductor magnus, longus for abducting the hip, hamstring as knee flexors ,triceps surae and tibialis posterior

Each bone in a synovial joint has articular cartilage at the articulating surface. The C-shaped medial and lateral menisci serve to deepen the articulation at the superior surface of the tibia, thus enhancing the bony stability of the joint.

2. The muscle will produce force for a longer period if the stimulator is briefly turned off than if the stimulations were allowed to continue without interruption. Explain why. Because for the brief time that the stimulation is off the muscle can produce more ATP to supply the contractions with.

This is because once a contraction has started, the action potential has already fired, stimularing the muscle fibers. Once they

The anatomy of the foot is very complex. There are twenty six bones in each foot. The bones in both feet equal one-quarter of the bones in the human body. There are thirty three joints and over one hundred muscles, tendons and ligaments in the foot as well. The longest bones of the foot are known as the metatarsals. There are five in each foot with the fifth being on the exterior of the foot and the first on the interior. On the end of each metatarsal there are phalanges, better known to most people as toes. The phalanges and metatarsals are the easiest to break or injure from weight bearing activities. According to the