What Role Does Cd4 Play In The Human Immune System

What role does the immune system play in keeping the body safe? Please be very specific [9 pts]

The body’s protection against viruses, bacteria and other types of invasions is our immune system (Tortora, 2014).

CD4 is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infects cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes (T cells) and macrophages. HIV has an envelope and contains two copies of single-stranded RNA as the genome. Within the viral capsid are important viral enzymes called reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. The HIV virus has a spike protein that is called gp120, and the host cell receptor is CD4+. HIV belongs to a class of viruses called retroviruses. Retroviruses are RNA viruses, and to replicate or reproduce, they must make a DNA copy of their RNA through transcription and translation. It is the DNA genes that allow the

The human immune system creates a series of responses in the body to defend the body. If a foreign organism, such as a virus or a cold invades your body, it recognizes these foreign organisms, and, in turn, attacks them to get rid of them. One can think of the immune system as an army of many cells which have set up their own bastion in the human body. They have only one job: To defend. The immune system’s cells are various kinds of white blood cells. The human body typically creates about 1000 million white blood cells on a daily basis. A group of these cells, macrophages, establish a patrol of sorts throughout the body killing germs as soon as they enter the body. However, sometimes an infection can cause the macrophages to succumb to it. The body begins to fight back with stronger T- and B-cells.

Pathogens can quickly change and adjust to escape detection and destruction by the immune system. Therefore, several defense mechanisms have too changed to identify and neutralize pathogens. Disorders of the immune system can cause autoimmune disease, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Immunodeficiency appears when the immune system is less functioning than normal, causing in recurrent and life threatening infections. Immunodeficiency may be an effect of inherited disease passed down. Autoimmunity happens from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissue believing they are foreign organisms. Some familiar autoimmune diseases are hashimoto’s thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus type 1, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.

This is one method through which the body regulates the immune system, to avoid an overreaction. Many cancer cells make PD-L1, which inhibits T cells from

The immune system, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms every day. In most cases, the immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. But sometimes problems with the immune system can lead

Integrin receptor/ligand interactions provide a potent costimulatory signal to CD3-mediated T cell activation (Davis et al., 1990; Nguyen et al., 2008). Specifically, the VLA-4 mediated interaction of resting human CD4+ T lymphocytes with FN has been shown to promote CD3-mediated T cell proliferation (Shimizu et al., 1990). Coimmobilization with mAb to CD3 and FN consistently resulted in strong T cell proliferation. Other investigators showed that immobilized FN enhances anti-CD3 induced proliferation of both CD45RAdim (memory) and CD45RAHI (naïve) subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and that this effect was inhibited with a mAb against the β1 subunit of VLA-4. Additionally, Nojima et al. showed that the A and B epitopes of VLA-4 play a key role in VLA-4 mediated T cell costimulation (Nojima et al., 1990).

There are many ways that the immune system fights off foreign invaders. When a virus enters the body, the body responds by activating specific processes of the immune system. The first step is when the body recognizes an unfamiliar antigen and then sends it to the lymph system, where it’s ingested by a macrophage.

IL-4 plays an essential role by promoting Th2 cell differentiation while inhibiting Th1 cell differentiation. In contrast to allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases are believed to be dependent on Th1 and monocytic cytokines. IL-4 can therefore act as an anti-inflammatory cytokine in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, IL-4 could be considered a target for the treatment of allergic diseases like asthma but a potential tool for the treatment of autoimmune

Immunotherapy is a form of medical treatment intended to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. This can be by inducing, enhancing, or suppressing an immune response. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as activation immunotherapies, while those that reduce or suppress immune response are suppression immunotherapies. Active immunotherapy has been effective against agents that normally cause acute self-limiting infectious disease. However, a more effective immunotherapy for chronic infectious diseases or cancer requires the use of appropriate target antigens; the

The immune system consists of a defense system that guards the body against invasion from infections and other diseases. Normally, a healthy person's immune system has the capability to differentiate between its own cells and cells that represent threats to the health of the body. (Craft and Kanter, 2002). Autoimmune disease refers to a broad range of over 80 acute, long-lasting diseases that affect nearly every organ in the body. (Wrong Diagnosis.com, 2000).

CD4 count is a measure of immune function. By measuring someone's CD4 levels you can see how HIV has affected their immune system, showing the progression of the virus. Most people in the UK start treatment when their CD4 count is at 350.

Have you ever wondered how your body works? Did you ever think about how your body defends itself from outside invaders? Remember the last time you were sick. Did you know how your body fought and killed the sickness? All these questions can be answered by learning about one of the most important systems in your body, the immune system.

Our immune system is the second most complex system in our body. It is made up of organs, cells and proteins that work together to protect our bodies from harmful bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms that can cause diseases. Usually we don’t notice our immune system defending us against pathogens, but if the pathogen (harmful microorganism) is aggressive or if our body hasn’t ever come into contact with it, we can get sick. The jobs of our immune system are to recognise pathogens, as well as neutralise and remove them from our body. Our immune system also has to fight our own cells if they have changed due to an illness, for example, cancer. (1)