What Would Our Nation Do Without Globalization and International Trade?

- Globalization is a process of increasing integration and the result of economic, cultural and political interdependence among countries. Globalization has been a controversial debate, since this phenomenon has affected the world in several ways. Consequently, there are plenty of economic, cultural and political arguments in favor of and against it. Some arguments in favor of globalization are that it promotes democracy, creates jobs (by dividing labor around the world), promotes knowledge and an interconnected world, and makes the world “borderless.” On the other hand, globalization is evil because transnational corporations exploit workers abroad, countries lose their own identities, promotes consumerism, destroys the environment and, most importantly, instead of improving a country’s society and economy, it actually creates more poverty.

Conditions have changed. Global trade has rapidly increased in both volume and value, reaching nowadays more than $4 trillion in 1997 (Daniels J.D., Radebaugh, 1998, pg. 529). Competition is fierce from all corners of the world. Failure at the global level can backfire and may consume existing brands and business relationships. At the same time, global opportunities have emerged that offer possibilities for growth, profit, and an improvement in worldwide standards of living.

The World Trade Organization was developed in 1995 out of what was known as the Uruguay Round. Although GATT set rules they mostly dealt with issues just involving simple trade of goods and the distribution of tariffs. The WTO has a broader job than the GATT; “…it oversees multilateral agreements relating not just to good, but also to services, investment and intellectual property.” (Douglas Irwin, 186) The World Trade Organization is an independent organization and decisions are made out of consensus of the member countries involved, not from the World Trade Organization itself. When a country complains about another country and the way they run things that could affect their home country, the WTO must make a decision on what must be done. Once a ruling has been made the losing country must implement one of three strategies:

Indeed, it has established the normative legal framework for multilateral trade in the four corners of the globe. As Matsushita notes ‘The WTO is the first international organization to bring about the rule of law in international trade in large scale backed up by the effective dispute settlement mechanism’. The over 300 hundred decision by the dispute settlement mechanism on various cases establishes an important corpus of legal precedent that serves as a frame of reference for the negotiation of Bilateral and Regional Trade Agreements. As a result, the fundamental principles underlying the WTO agreements, such as the MFN and National Treatment (NT) are here to stay and will continue to influence all future trade agreements. Hence, it can be agreed that the WTO has instituted the value system of free trade worldwide, such that the majority of the globe believes in trade liberalization and is willing to open up their economies to participate in free trade. Moreover, by creating a common trade language that almost every country understands, it has only made trading that much easier to negotiate. The existing agreements also provide a solid foundation for countries to build upon when drafting their own trade agreements, whether it is for free trade or preferential

Globalization. What is it exactly? And why is there so much debate and controversy surrounding it? This topic has sparked protests all over the world. Like with many other topics, some support globalization and what it has accomplished. Others have hatred and believe it should not exist. Why do some people believe that globalization is an essential process and helps the economy immensely, while others see it as the root of pure evil and destruction? The answer is not black or white. There is no right or wrong answer, but a mere “What have you done for me lately?” Although each side can plead its case, globalization has overall benefited the world through international trade, outsourcing and building better relationships between different countries that could benefit the country as a whole in the future.

In the business industry, if businesses want to export their goods and services to other countries, they must become familiar with and adopt international and global strategies. Consequently, there are three types of international and global business strategies. The first type is international, which entails conducting a significant amount of activities outside the home country, yet its focus remains on the home market (Fung, 2014). The second type is multinational, which consists of operating in multiple countries, yet the headquarters is in its home country, not to mention that the competitive advantage will vary by country (Fung, 2014). The third and final type is global, which is when the organization treats the whole world as one market and one source of supply, not to mention, that its competitive advantage is contingent of common brands, standardized products, and global scale production (Fung,

After World War Two, many Americans, not just the ones in leadership positions, came to realize that partnerships with other cultures, countries, and peoples were very important in coping with daily life. To some, it would seem reasonable to infer that globalization has done more harm than good, while others might say that it has done more good. Regardless, it has brought many countries, including the United States, together; forming strong bonds, and even more importantly, it has helped to create peace in a world at war (chap. 32, Brinkley).

Globalization is a very broad topic; a sweeping term established in the minds of individuals primarily over the past quarter-century. It describes the widespread global integration of economic, political, social, and cultural systems that is shaping the world we live in today. Marked by the establishment of trade liberalization movements such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), globalization has greatly accelerated over the past twenty-five years, indeed, "world exports have grown at an exponential rate of 6.0 percent in volume [annually]" (Tremblay, 2015). Depending on the angle in which we choose to look at it, we may define and interpret it differently: good or bad, positive or negative. As Jan Aart Scholte describes, "knowledge of globalization is substantially a function of how the word is defined" (Scholte, 2000). Initially, the topic of globalization touched primarily on local and global issues such as poverty and world peace, homogenization, and cultural, economical, and political convergence. Now, it is understood to be a far more complex subject that is "contingent, ambiguous, contradictory, and paradoxical" (Stromquist et. al., 2014). Regardless of whether one chooses to take a positive or negative standpoint on globalization, the fact remains that this process is taking on an increasingly global scale and has profound effects on individuals, nations, governments, and businesses every day. Moreover, it is

In 1999, over 40,000 people came to protest in the streets outside the Seattle Conference Center, where the delegates from the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) came to Seattle to discuss new international trade agreements. Many came to protest not only against the WTO and the IMF, but also against globalization itself; Thousands were protesting for anti-globalization because of increasing concerns that certain trade and investment measures were encroaching on national sovereignty. Everyone feared that too much power was being centralized into organizations like the WTO and the IMF. Other reasons included the widening gap between the rich and the poor; the creation of

In chapter 3, the process by which the WTO operates is described. Also, how the World Trade Organization originated, its history. Understanding how the WTO runs and operates is crucial to understanding how they as an organization impact the economy. The chapter discusses how when a country has a small economic quarrel with another country the WTO steps in. The rules and regulations by which the WTO follows impacts the outcome and decision of a panel, made up of high ranking WTO workers, that help to decide which country involved in the quarrel is right and which country is wrong.

What would our world look like today if globalization did not exist? The answer is that it would look quite different from what we are used to today. Many of the products used every day by Americans have been made available and sold to us due to globalization. Globalization is the process or act in which values, technologies, and businesses spread internationally; connecting, sharing ideas and technologies and moving from their domestic roots to establish a worldwide influence as they expand their sources of production and customer base beyond their home boundaries. This practice has been happening since World War II, continuing to better the global economy, while sometimes ruining countries at the same time. Dominant countries, otherwise known as “core countries,” like the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom benefit more from globalization because they can dominate the trade markets, control advanced technologies, and maintain high levels of productivity. On the contrary, peripheral countries like Uganda are recognized by their dependent and disadvantageous trade links, obsolescent technologies, and undeveloped economies. While there are many cons to why globalization can be bad for both core and peripheral countries, as you will see in this essay, the pros outweigh the cons. The world we know today is vastly improved due to globalization. Globalization has helped to promote advanced and more inclusive education in countries where education of the general

Globalization is the interaction of world economies to become one big economy, for the sole purpose of enhancing free trade, growth and efficiency and employment. It emphasizes the neo-liberal economic policies – commonly referred to as the ‘Washington Consensus’ – of free trade, financial and capital market liberalization, deregulation and privatization (Juhasz, pg 408). The supporters of globalization argue that it is essential to an individual’s advancement and economic progress, and constantly reiterate that an integrated market economy will bring prosperity worldwide. Whereas, critics of globalization believe that without a proper framework and policies, the consequence of globalization will have a great impact on world politics,

The Uruguay Round at Punta del Este, Uruguay in 1986 was the last trade negotiation under the framework of GATT 1947 that eventually concluded in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994. The outcome of the Uruguay Round was commendable as it considerably expanded the scope and content of trade rules, governing the international trading system. Firstly, the Uruguay Round sucessfully established the WTO as a new international organisation on trade equipped by various treaty-based, institutional articles including ‘Members’ instead of ‘Contracting Parties’. Moreover, the establishment of the dispute settlement system, consisting of the Panel Report the Appellate Body provided more judicial than political character for resolving any disputes, especially because it has more enforceable sanctions and compliances mechanism than GATT 1947.

As trade increases hyper-competition grows forcing organizations to go global. By a company going global it requires them to rethink strategy and reform (Ananthram and Pearson, 2008). Global organizational structure is the way a company aims to merge local preferences with global strategy. The definition of global strategy is “strategic choices that have the characteristics of being globally uniform or integrated,” (Yip et al., 1997) such as standardization of products, uniform marketing, and competitive moves, but all globally (Townsend et al., 2004; Zou and Cavusgil, 2002; Bayraktar and Ndubisi, 2014). Global strategic strategy is a way to adjust to globalization. Globalization is “the economic and social process by which economies and communities grow inextricably interdependent “(Jhirad et al., 2009). The recent financial crisis (Das, 2010), large amount of poverty, and climate change are all problems that show how the world is globally connected because all countries impact each other (Jhirad et al., 2009).

Globalization is a process of increasing integration and the result of economic, cultural and political interdependence among countries. Globalization has been a controversial debate, since this phenomenon has affected the world in several ways. Consequently, there are plenty of economic, cultural and political arguments in favor of and against it. Some arguments in favor of globalization are that it promotes democracy, creates jobs (by dividing labor around the world), promotes knowledge and an interconnected world, and makes the world “borderless.” On the other hand, others argue that