What is Bronchiolitis? Essay

Acute bronchitis is one of the most common diagnoses encountered in a primary care setting. It affects millions of individuals resulting in significant impact on health of patients and health care industry. Studies have shown that 90% of times acute bronchitis is caused by a virus, yet health care providers are failing to treat or manage these patients with appropriate therapies (Knutson & Braun, 2002). The focus of this paper is to review the guidelines for treatment of acute bronchitis after differentiating acute bronchitis from other common respiratory disease in terms of epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, complications and patient education. Understanding the evaluation and treatment guidelines, nurse practitioners can provide evidence-based practice for patients with acute bronchitis.

The new versus classic BPD features have changed over the years. The approaches to care, including surfactant administration, permissive hypercapnia, and noninvasive ventilation have changed. All these has increased the survival of low birth weight infants as before with classic BPD. The classic BPD was before surfactant and more management techniques, and inflammation and alveolar septal fibrosis. All these changes were associated with oxygen toxicity, infection, and barotrauma.

Allen here to speak to you about the most common diseases we see here in the Pediatric Pulmonary Department. I will start by telling you what they are and I am sure you have heard them before. First there is Acute Bronchiolitis (inflammation of the bronchioles). Acute Bronchiolitis is usually accompanied by tachypnea (rapid breathing), chest retraction (sinking in of soft tissues of the chest), and wheezing (whistling or rattling sound on the chest). Next is Tuberculosis (bacterial infection spread through lymph nodes and blood stream into other part of the body). TB is very contagious due to the fact it is airborne. Children are most susceptible to this disease. They can get it by being in contact with someone who has active TB. This disease is very fatal to children as it can result in death. The bad thing about TB is that it can not be detected and it can sometimes lay dormant in the system and never be active, so sometimes we wont ever know if a child has it until they appear sick and get tested for the disease. The last condition we will discuss is Sleep Apnea (interruptions of breathing while sleep). Sleep Apnea occurs when the muscles in the mouth and your tongue relax to the point of blocking your air way, sometimes it causes you to make noise like snoring and other times and blocks your breathing completely to where you can not

If all methods, mentioned in the previous article about bronchitis curing, are not helpful, it is time to take meaningful steps. However, only pediatrician can prescribe all drugs. Never make experiments and self-medicate. If you see, the situation is getting worse, call for a doctor.

Based on the findings from the case study was R.S has been a smoker for many years. One of the most significant risk factors for determining COPD is cigarette smoking. In determining this we need to the amount he has smoked as well as how often he has smoked that lead to the chronic bronchitis. What that means is that the airway mainly the bronchi is inflamed. Since it is chronic, which is a specific condition has been occurring for many years. This kind of diagnosis can lead to the coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial vascular disease.

Symptoms of acute bronchitis is a cough that can last for seven weeks but if the bronchial tubes heal slowly it can last for seven months. However, if the coughing doesn't go away it could be signs of another illness such as asthma or pneumonia.

Chronic bronchitis’ occurs in a period of more than three months that continues in a period of two years (Copstead & Banasik, 2013, p. 483). The destruction of bronchial walls will result in dilation of airway sacs. The dilated sacs contain infected secretion from streptococcal and staphylococcal pneumonia, which can spread to nearby areas of the lungs such as other areas of the body and even to the brain.

The type of treatment and recommendations that would be appropriate for M.K.’s chronic bronchitis is to

The bronchial epithelium plays an important role in the respiratory system. It is an important part of host defense; it acts as a barrier against foreign particles, and it warms and humidifies incoming air. The airway is lined with ciliated cells that act as a sort of escalatory system, pushing foreign particles embedded in mucus out of the central pathways, towards the peripheral, and finally out of the respiratory system. In asthmatic children, these ciliated cells become damaged and slough off; this is proven by looking at the sputum of patients which, when checked, contains ciliated epithelial cells (Tulic 73). Simple squamous, or flat, epithelial cells that cannot move the mucus out replace the ciliated cells, creating a plug. Also contributing to the mucus plug formation is the hyperplasia of goblet cells, which are the sites of mucus production in the epithelium (Tulic 74).

Unlike pulmonary embolism and spontaneous pneumothorax, which characterized by sudden onset. In addition, underlying disease induced dyspnea mostly present with one or more associated sing and symptoms such as cough, orthopnea, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, acute IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction, fever, etc. Cough and wheezing are common symptoms of asthma and cardiac diseases with pulmonary venous hypertension; also, acute cough is most commonly due to an acute respiratory tract infection. Noted that cough which has been presented longer than three weeks can be considered either subacute or chronic cough. Occasionally, patients present with new onset asthma while pregnant in which can be evaluated by the evidence of airflow obstruction on pulmonary function testing. Abnormal lung sounds can be associated with either respiratory diseases or cardiovascular diseases or both in some

The patient manifested signs of respiratory distress precipitated by a pneumonia and bronchiolitis infection. A.D was on 0.5 liters of oxygen via nasal prongs with an oxygen saturation reading of 94%. On prior days without the supplemental oxygen, she was desaturating to below 92%, “ high flow rates generate continuous positive pressure in the airways that could help reduce the work of breathing in bronchiolitis and decrease the need for more invasive respiratory support” (Casey, 2015, p. 24). The patient had a respiratory rate of 42 breaths per minute and the normal respiratory rate for a 13month old as stated in Perry et al. (2013) ranges between 20-40 breaths per minute. Also, the patient had a heart rate of 158 beats per minute and the

Following the pathologic changes of chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis, many patients will present with the following symptoms: shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, wheezing, productive cough and hemoptysis (Stauffer). Many of these symptoms will occur after the patient has recently contracted common cold viruses or other irritants as they weaken the body’s natural balance in the respiratory tract. With the majority of patients having a sudden increase of mucus production, this will have a tendency to obstruct the airways and prevent ventilation. In some cases the patient is able to clear the airway of the obstruction simply by coughing, but excessive coughing can lead to a much more problematic bronchospasm. Also, due to the weakened airway of bronchiectasis patients and increased thick sputum, coughing may prove to be vastly ineffective. These diseases are diagnosed with a combination of examinations such as Pulmonary Functions Tests (PFT), Chest

Chronic bronchitis, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, is a main component of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) that is characterized by airflow limitation that is irreversible. Clinically chronic bronchitis is defined as prolonged inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles that leads to insistent coughing and overproduction of mucus recurrently for at least three months per year, two years in a row (Mannino, 2002). Inflammation decreases the diameter of both the bronchi and bronchioles and consequently makes breathing much more challenging. Smoking is the number one risk factor of chronic bronchitis. According to the

mucus secretion leads to the formation of plugs that can totally block the airways. With the

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a common lung disorder that mostly affects preterm infants. RDS is caused by insufficient surfactant production and structural immaturity of the lungs leading to alveolar collapse. Clinically, RDS presents soon after birth with tachypnea, nasal flaring, grunting, retractions, hypercapnia, and/or an oxygen need. The usual course is clinical worsening followed by recovery in 3 to 5 days as adequate surfactant production occurs. Research in the prevention and treatment of this disease has led to major improvements in the care of preterm infants with RDS and increased survival. However, RDS remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the most preterm infants. This chapter reviews the most current evidence-based management of RDS, including prevention, delivery room stabilization, respiratory management, and supportive care.