What is Ischemia? Essay

Mrs. Alice Palmer is a 54-year old married woman who has been admitted and is being treated with an ischemic stroke which she had 18 hours ago. This paper explores the nursing care of Mrs. Alice Palmer based on the clinical reasoning cycle by considering her situation first, collecting cues and information about her, processing the information gathered, then identifying problems or issues she is experiencing, and finally carrying out a detailed assessment. Also, the paper focuses on setting goals and establishing a nursing care plan in the community, and target ethnically safe practice. Ischemic stroke occurs when the brain tissue does not receive sufficient oxygenated blood due to an obstruction of the carotid artery (Brunner, Suddarth, & Smeltzer, 2008). When the brain does not receive enough oxygenated blood, some or all of its tissues may get damaged

Ischaemic stroke is a serious neurological condition in which a blood clot stops blood flow to the brain and for which immediate action is required. It is the fourth cause of death in Western society, causing 87% of all strokes, and also results in long-term disability among survivors (Bunevicius et al., 2013). In the United States, about 800,000 strokes occur each year, and approximately six million Americans are living with neurological deficits caused by ischaemic strokes (Duong, 2012). Therefore, neuroradiological imaging has become a major section in radiology departments.

These stated facts very well implicate an imperative need to investigate promising alternative treatment strategies as well preventive measures. Impairment in cardiac functions, organ (heart) failure or trigger of compensatory mechanisms (hypertrophy, neurohumoral system activation, autokrine, paracrine stimulation, etc) are the result of loss in cardiac myocytes predominantly due to myocardial infarction (Zimmermann and Eschenhagen, 2003). In addition to the traditional treatment of

Clearly differentiate the pathophysiology of angina and myocardial infarction, including signs and symptoms. (5 marks)

I am conducting biomedical research in the laboratory of cardiac physiology under the mentorship of Dr. Elizabeth Murphy. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in the US; therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte death in ischemia and reperfusion injury are important. Mitochondrial calcium plays a crucial role in the normal functioning of many processes, including the regulation of cardiac biochemical pathways and mediating ischemia-reperfusion injury. The uptake of calcium into the mitochondrial matrix is regulated by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU). An endogenous enzyme, Ca2+ Calmodulin Dependent Kinase II (CaMKII) has shown to regulate cell death and have increased activity during

The coronary artery that was occluded in M.T.’s coronary circulation were the right coronary artery. When coronary blood flow is interrupted for an extended period, myocyte necrosis occurs. This results in MI. In the majority of MI, the decrease in coronary flow is the result of atherosclerotic CAD (McCance & Huether, 2014). M.T. is experiencing transmural MI. According to H. Michael Bolooki (2010), a transmural MI is characterized by ischemic necrosis of the full thickness of the affected muscle segment(s), extending from the endocardium through the myocardium to the epicardium. M.T. was exhibiting crushing substernal chest pain radiating down his left arm. He was complaining of dizziness and nausea. During M.T.’s physical exam, he

Institute, H. V. (Ed.). (2018, January 05). George Washington University Heart & Vascular Institute. Retrieved February 14, 2018, from

Intro- Heart Failure is a multifactorial disease due to significant diminishing of heart pumping action. This is occurs in response to many underlying disease such as diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and cardiac myopathies. These conditons lead to hemodynamic instability, neuroendocrine imbalances and structural remodeling of cardiac myocytes. Early less sever hf allows for compensatory mechanisms such as neuroendocrine stimulation- (beta adrenbergic r endothelin norepinephrine r), and hypertrophy which allow for sufficient left ventricular pumping action. However as hf develops these mechanisms become unable to compensate for the progressive underlying disease which results in further loss of contraction and relaxation efficiency and loss of regulation.

Our body system is not immune to pathological deficiencies. There exist numerous identified pathologies which compromise the regular functioning of a heart, but all heart-related pathologies are narrowed to a single condition known as Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). This is the term properly used in reference to the different identified clinical entities threatening the cardiovascular system. ACS is the result of the progressive or complete sudden blocking of the arteries or veins; this prevents an appropriate blood flow through the circulatory system, and as a consequence, the body is unable to receive enough oxygen and nutrients to meet its daily necessities.

First I feel that, it is important to understand the clinical manifestation of the different strokes. The Ischemic stroke can cause a wide range of neurologic symptoms depending on the location and the size of the effective area. Patients may present with symptoms, such as, numbness or weakness of the face, arms, legs, more so, one side of the body, changes in moody or behavior, trouble with speaking or understanding speech, visual disturbances, having difficulty in walking, dizziness or loss of balance and sudden server headaches. Hemorrhagic stroke has, also, presents with the same clinical manifestation as a Ischemic stroke, however, most patients complain of server headache.

Old Myocardial Infarction(MI) (ICD I25.2)- (Patho Statement) Plaque formation can build up in the interior walls of the heart muscles. Plaque is often made up of WBC, cholesterol and fat. This plaque build up reduces the blood flow and oxygen to the heart causing injury (Lu, Liu, Sun, Zheng, & Zhang, 2015). These heart attacks can be acute or silent. They often present with symptoms of chest pain, left arm pain that can radiate to the neck, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, abnormal heart beat,

Ischemic Heart Disease or Coronary Heart Disease is a condition in which there is an imbalance in the oxygen demand and supply to the myocardial. An underlining cause of this is atherosclerosis, a process in which there has been a gradual build -up of fatty metabolic waste deposits (plaque) on the inside walls of the coronary arteries the vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle. The coronary arteries eventually become mostly or completely blocked causing angina and can ultimately lead to a myocardial infarction due to the heart muscle not receiving adequate blood supply to function properly.

It should be noted that the focus of this paper will be on CHD due to atherosclerosis, which makes up over 90% of all ischaemic heart diseases [1].

Diagnosis is made with serum cardiac markers which are proteins released from the dying heart muscle during an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The most abundant proteins during an Infarction are the creatine kinase (CK, or CPK) and cardiac-specific troponins (LeMone, 2015 & Mayo Clinic 2014). CK is an enzyme that has cellular function mainly in three tissues of the body, the cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and in the brain. When there is a damage to the heart muscle, serum levels of CK in the blood are found within 4-6 hours, generating the biggest enzyme concentration within 12-24 hours and then decreasing levels between the second and third day after onset of a myocardial infarction (MI). Depending on the amount of tissue damage the levels of CK will increase in the

Myocardium Infraction – MI is a very serious combination of family heritage and human behavior such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and various factors which overtime damages the heart muscle and obviously its functions. MI or heart attack is worsening disease process. The narrowing of the coronary artery due to atherosclerosis, as well as plaque build-up of cholesterol which hardened the arteries or blood clots severely block and significantly reduced or stopped blood flow and oxygenation which become lethal ischemia and reperfusion. Consequently, MI is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States which every forty-three seconds, someone has a heart attack. Every year 735,000 Americans have a heart attack, which 525,000 are a first time, 210,000 are recurring, and one of five heart attacks is silent. The overall costing are between $192.1 billion and 321.6 billion