What is causal-comparative research?
Also known as “ex post facto” research. (Latin for “after the fact”).
In this type of research investigators attempt to determine the cause or consequences of differences that already exist between or among groups of individuals.Causal-comparative research is an attempt to identify a causative relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. The relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable is usually a suggested relationship (not proven) because you (the researcher) do not have complete control over the independent variable.
EXAMPLE
You are a first year agricultural education teacher at the local high school. At the state CDE contest you run into a
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This experience or situation becomes interesting to a researcher as the researcher realizes that knowledge on the event might impact his/her future behaviors. For instance, a teacher might be motivated to conduct a causal-comparative study when he notes that one of his sections of
American History seem to consistently earn higher test scores than another class. Could the mini- lesson during which he taught the one section test-taking strategies have influenced the students’ test scores?
A special education consultant has noticed that, of the past five consultation cases that she has participated in with teachers, three of the five teachers have continued to integrate the teaching strategies the consultant shared during the cases into classroom lessons for three consecutive academic years. The consultant wonders whether the amount of time the teacher continue to uses the teaching strategy shared during the consultation process is influenced by the amount of the time the original consultation case spanned.
Step Two: Identify Variables
Reviewing published literature on a specific topic of interest is especially important when conducting causal-comparative research as such a review can assist a researcher in determining which extraneous variables may exist in the
This strategy will be implemented at the teachers’ discretion, based upon the resources available and also the students learning styles/ needs.
In the third element of the cycle teachers may take on board many roles; from lecturer to mentor, from coach to listener, from assessor to presenter, all the while maintaining their professionalism. This goes from their day to day behaviour to (i.e.) dressing appropriately and maintaining a distance that allows for trust and respect) to being a good communicator and being prepared for the session. Each lesson should be well planned with a beginning (introduction and objectives), a middle (main body of lecture) and an end (drawing conclusions). Teachers have also the responsibility of keeping
"There are several different kinds of relationships between variables. Before drawing a conclusion, you should first understand how one variable changes with the other. This means you need to establish how the variables are related - is the relationship linear or quadratic or inverse or logarithmic or something else" ("Relationship Between Variables ", n.d)
It is important to decide at an early stage on the most appropriate teaching method for each candidate, to enable every candidate to achieve their learning goal in the easiest way possible. Some candidates will not respond well to classroom style teaching and may require one to one assistance for them to develop, others may develop their understanding better through demonstration or through explanations given by the tutor.
The process of adoption can take time, with classes and home study, paperwork and other preparations, you could be waiting a while before your new child comes home. This is a wonderful opportunity to prepare yourself, your home and everyone in your life for the precious arrival. Here are six highly productive ways to spend that waiting time.
A conflict I recently had was with my father. My father is a conservative Evangelical Pentecostal Christian, and I identify myself as a Christian. He continually keeps forcing his religious beliefs down my throat, by trying to make me go to his Church every Sunday and if I don't, he claims that I'm straying away from God and in danger of going to hell. Another reason for the conflict is that he wants my brother and I to go there every Sunday, because people would ask him why his children weren't in church, which he thinks will ruin his reputation. I don't care at all if my family has the best reputation or the worst reputation, someone's opinion of me is totally irrelevant to me. We continually argue if going to Church every Sunday is needed
On Friday, March 31st I observed Northside Elementary School in the Brookville school district. I watched in a separate speech therapy classroom for students who also require special education. There was only one student who attended each session and the only professional in the classroom was the speech language pathologist, Miss. Haag.
Teaching demands a lot of creativity and being able to adapt to different situations and environments. However, in order to experience lasting success, more than pot luck, charisma and spontaneity are required. Planning is essential. Planning and preparation gives a certain level of confidence. Whether it is a single lesson or a whole course, planning allows you to design the learning journey you wish to take your students on. In designing, you can make sure that you are catering for all your learners’ needs. This includes sufficient differentiation; for SEN needs as well as your gifted and talented students. In planning you can ensure that your lessons have a definite beginning, middle and end and have clear aims and targets. At this stage you will also prepare and plan resources. Also, you must plan your assessments. How will you know when the students have learned what you set out to teach? How will they know? How are you going to prove that learning has taken place at the end of the course? All these points will be addressed in the planning stage of the teacher training cycle.
Observational research is type of correlational (i.e., nonexperimental) research in which a researcher observes ongoing behavior. There are a variety of types of observational research, each of which has both strengths and weaknesses. These types are organized below by the extent to which an experimenter intrudes upon or controls the environment.
Timeliness is important in all aspects of life. In the army they say “10 minutes prior is on time, and being on time is late”, that is the standard set forth and expected to be accomplished by the armed forces. By oversleeping I not only failed to meet the standard, I also failed my squad and my platoon because they did not have accountability of everyone, another main standard of the army. I also took the time of my team leader, who had to sit and wait for me while everyone else did PT. Missing movement not only cost me more time in the end, it cost the whole rest of the unit in one way or another. Timeliness is also the first step in a soldiers’ task to keep accountability at all times. Accountability is defined by
As the United States grows more religiously, ethnically, racially, socially, and culturally diverse the United States Constitution upholds the civil rights that guarantee personal freedoms that the government cannot deprive its citizens without due process. Based on the Department of Health, Education and Welfare’s (HEW) Title VI regulations prohibit discrimination of a particular race, color, or national origin. When the national origin-minority group of children is excluded from effective and adequate participation in an educational program that receives Federal assistance, HEW (33 Fed.Reg.4955) mandates the district to open its instructional programs to include these students by rectifying the language deficiency,
The reason behind this report is to research the impacts of the utilization of bunker fuels in the Port Adelaide River, Waterfall Gully, Johnston’s Creek, Dhaka River and its harming impact on the waterways. This report is expected to advise the South Australian government about the effect of bunker fuels on ocean acidity levels.
Research questions are formulated in a study to inquire about variables, both independent and dependent variables, and the relationship between them. Research questions are categorized into two, that is, qualitative and quantitative research questions. Qualitative questions are used in qualitative research like case studies, surveys and action research where the approach is non-numerical and analyses special phenomena that occur in nature. Quantitative research on the other hand is more of a systematic approach with measurable numerical quantities that go through analysis to prove a hypothesis. Finally, the research hypothesis is either approved or disapproved with regards to the results of the analysis (Laureate Online Education B.V.
needs are met and they feel as if they are respected by the teacher. Mutual respect is once again
A single study that shows a positive association between two events do not automatically indicate cause and effect (Gary Taubes, 2007). A causal hypothesis that is positive or negative, does not imply cause and effect is present or absent (Webb & Bain, 2011). Epidemiological studies often generate false positive and false negative results as such it is imperative that epidemiologists avoid causal inferences on the basis of isolated studies or even groups of studies in the absence of other evidence.