What´s Bladder Cancer?

It must be emphasized that MVD evaluation under the microscope is somewhat subjective and inter-observer variation can be substantial (7) . So, we proceeded for the data analysis of the angiogenesis of the bladder lesions and correlating them with the type of cells, tumor stage, grade and incidence of recurrence.

In Egypt, the urinary bladder cancers accounts for 30.3% of all cancers, of which the

Renal cancer is the cancer of Kidney tissue cells, affecting the organs that help to filter and clean blood, and produce urine, and filter approximately two hundred quarts a day. The kidney organs also help to regulate blood pressure by producing hormones essential to its maintenance (WebMD.Com). Unlike other forms of cancer, renal cancer originates in the kidney cells and does not usually garner the same amount of national attention as breast, brain, and lung cancer, which are often given greater publicity (Kidney Cancer Association RSS). There are multiple types of renal cancer cells, such as the clear cancer cell, which makes up about seventy percent of all renal cancers. Other cell types includes the papillary kidney cancer cells, and

Cancer is a very general term that can refer to many different diseases. The different major classifications of cancer are Carcinoma, Leukemia, Myeloma, Lymphoma, and Sarcoma. Carcinoma is a cancer of the external or internal linings of the body such as epithelial tissue. Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow. This is also known as blood cancer, because bone marrow is the site where blood cells are produced. Myeloma is a cancer found specifically in the plasma cells of bone marrow. Lymphoma is a cancer that develops in the lymphatic system. The cancer appears in the nodes, glands,

My organ is the urinary bladder for the organ paper. The function of the urinary bladder is a storage container temporarily for urine, until it is expelled through the urethra. The elasticity of the bladder is unmatched as it has the ability to increase in size to make room for increases in urine volume from 600 to 800 ml at maximum capacity. The reason for this elasticity is due to the visceral muscles and transitional epithelium located in the walls of this hollow organ, that allows this distensibility enabling it to fill and empty multiple times every day. Another function of the bladder is to aid in expelling urine from the body by contracting the detrusor muscle as well as the relaxing of the urethral sphincter; the external urethral

The day of my high school graduation, my parents received news that my father had a tumor in his bladder. A few weeks later the test results came back positive for cancer. In the past two years I have watched my dad go through many changes that were sad to observe as a daughter, but interesting to learn about as a future medical student. Although I do not know what type of bladder cancer my dad has, I do know he is in stage T1 of his cancer. My dad is doing better as of now, but I have always wanted to learn more about his cancer, and this assignment as given me that chance.

In the article, I read that cancer is evolving around many countries. The cancer classifies as an outrageous cell growth that can damage DNA. The bladder is a depressed organ located in the lower portion of the diaphragm that collects the urine produced by the kidneys. Bladder cancer affects older adults around the ages of 60 and up but can diagnostically happen early. Some symptoms include dark urine, frequent urination, and the common symptom is blood in the urine. These symptoms cause pain during urination. A common type of bladder cancer is urothelial carcinoma or transitional cell carcinoma. Consequently, this causes the invasion of progressive, transitional cells of the wall and the vessels of the bladder broadcasting into other organs.

The bladder, an organ located in the lower abdomen or pelvis, has the function of storing urine and removing it from the body through a communication circuit in the spinal cord and brain. That is why when conditions that affect the nervous system also can affect the functions of the bladder. When this happens it is known as neurogenic bladder. The main problems of bladder control that are associated with a neurogenic bladder are two and differ depending on the nerves involved and the nature of the damage. If the bladder becomes overactive it is called (spastic or hyperreflective) or if on the other hand, it becomes underactive it is called (flaccid or hypotonic).1

Bladder is one of the organ which is part of the urinary system of body. The major function of the bladder is to store urine produced in the kidney prior to urination. The urinary system of the body ensures the removal of wastes and excess fluid from the body in the form of urine. To ensure normal urination to ensue, all the parts in the urinary system have to work in the right order. The process of urine elimination begins in the kidney and ends in the urethra. Human body is composed of a pair of kidneys which is bean-shaped and located right under the rib cage each on one side of the spine (Keast et al., 2015) (where in this Kanai paper is this mentioned?). The kidneys work in pairs to filter approximately 200 liters of blood per day so that any excess salt, water and urea, a

Urine cytology: Examining a urine sample under a microscope may reveal cancer cells that could come from the bladder, ureters or kidneys ("Leukemia Home Page - National Cancer Institute").

Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the United States. It's the third most common cancer in men and the 11th in women. There are 16,870 deaths caused by bladder cancer and about 79,000 new cases each year. Some risks that can cause this type of cancer is the use of tobacco, family history of bladder cancer and genetic mutations. A sign that you may have bladder cancer, is blood in the urine, pain when urinating and frequent urination. Although some people may pass this sign off as a bladder infection, it is always a good idea to have a full body check up each year. Treatments for bladder cancer may include a BCG vaccination, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or the surgical removal of the bladder. Of course, treatments will vary

Bladder cancer also has another distinguishing sign: hematuria. Hematuria means “blood in urine”; this blood can be visible by the naked eye, or found by a microscopic examination of the urine. Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in males, with approximately 72,570 new cases being diagnosed in the United States each year. The most prevalent risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking. (“Bladder Cancer”, 2013) E.P. denies history of smoking.

Bladder cancer is a cancer where cells in the bladder start to grow at a fast, uncontrollable rate. As more cells develop, a tumor can be made and spread to the rest of the body. The bladder stores urine until it is released from the body through the urethra. As the bladder is loaded with urine, sensory impulses go to the spinal cord and then to the brain to signal the need to urinate. (American Cancer Society, Inc.)

Although radical cystectomy, with continent diversion or neobladder construction in selected cases remains the standard of care in the United States and other countries for patients with MIBC, several groups have explored therapeutic strategies that aim at bladder preservation{Kaufman, 2006 #782}. Initial approaches with the aim of bladder preservation consisted of RT, chemotherapy, or complete TUR-Bt as monotherapy for solitary tumor. Only a small proportion of carefully selected patients may be cured by transurethral surgery alone, or by partial cystectomy alone {Koiso, 1995 #1061}. Solsona, E et al. investigated the feasibility of radical transurethral bladder tumor resection in selected patients with MIBC with a minimum follow-up of more than 15 years and investigated the impact of patient age on survival, concluding radical transurethral bladder tumor resection is a reliable therapeutic approach for patients with MIBC after complete tumor resection and with negative biopsies of the tumor bed {Solsona, 2010 #636}. CSS was 81.9%, 79.5% and 76.7%, and PFS with bladder preservation was 75.5%, 64.9% and 57.8% at 5, 10

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancers among men and the ninth most common cancer in women in United States. It is also the most expensive cancer to manage on a per-patient basis. Bladder cancer is so expensive because it has a very high recurrence rate, around 70%. This necessitates lifetime follow-ups and frequent treatment of recurrent tumors. In the USA, the annual cost of bladder cancer care is $4.25 billion in 2013 and expected to be $5.25 billion in