What's Heprotective Effects Of Flavonolignans?

Hepatocytes are involved in synthesizing proteins, cholesterol, bile salts, fibrinogen, phospholipids and glycoproteins. Additionally, hepatocytes ensure that our

Acetaminophen (AAP) which broadly used as an antipyretic and analgesic drug is one reason for hepatotoxicity in humans and experimental animals at high doses(32). The toxic metabolite of APP that produced in liver by the cytochrome P450 pathway is named NAPQI(6) that conjugated with glutathione for excretion in the urine. The AAP overdose cause to glutathione depletion that leads to NAPQI accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction(33). Glutathione depletion promotes the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) that leads to production of oxygen free radicals from NADPH oxidase and hepatotoxicity finally(34).

Drug induced liver injury is responsible for 5% of all hospital admissions and 50% of all acute liver failures. More than 75 percent of cases of idiosyncratic drug reactions result in liver transplantation or death.[30] This health problem is expected to increase as the number of drugs being consumed increases, both prescription and non-prescription, as well as due to the current trend of usage of pharmacologically active substances in complementary and alternative medicine Drug induced hepatotoxicity is the most common reason cited for withdrawal of already approved drugs from the market. It also accounts for more than 50 percent of cases of acute liver failure in the United States. The exact incidence of drug induced liver injury is difficult

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid in many foods, including apples, cranberries, blueberries, and onions. Quercetin may have many beneficial biological properties like, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective. There is also considerable interest in quercetin’s potential

vulgare shown to have significant antibacterial activity in vitro as compared to some standard antibiotics[53]. Butanol and aqueous fractions of F. vulgare fruit showed intermediate free radical scavenging activity in vitro[54]. A group of rat pretreated with aqueous extract of F. vul-gare shown to have suppressed ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Also, this extract significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant activity[70]. Administration of methanolic extract of F. vulgare fruit orally to mice has been shown to suppress Type 4 allergic reactions as well as acute and subacute inflammatory responses and also shown moderate centeral analgesic effect. In addition, it significantly enhance plasma antioxidant status while suppressing lipid peroxidation chain

In vitro enzyme-inhibitory assay-guided fractionation of Polygonum hyrcanicum extract resulted in the purification of 13 phenolic compounds as the active constituents. Based on NMR data, the purified compounds of Polygonum hyrcanicum were identified as quercetin (1) [17], myricetin (2) [17], N-trans-caffeoyl-tyramine (3) [18], quercetin 3-O-α-L-(3",5"-diacetyl-arabinofuranoside) (4) [19], quercetin 3-O-α-L-(3"-acetyl-arabinofuranoside) (5) [20], myricetin 3-O-α-L-(3",5"-diacetyl-arabinofuranoside) (6) [21], (+) catechin (7) [22], (-) gallocatechin (8) [22], myricetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (9) [23], myricetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (myricitrin) (10) [23], quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (11) [24], myricetin 3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside

However, some severe adverse effects such as hepatitis, nephropathy and allergic reactions limit the clinical use of allopurinol (3). Several in-vitro observations confirmed the XO inhibitory activity of some phytochemicals such as flavonoids (7-10). Flavonoids are non-nutrient polyphenolic compounds that occur in plants and consist of six major classes based on specific structural differences: flavonols,flavones, flavanones, catechins, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones (11). Therefore, a promising approach for hyperuricemia and its complications might be a combination therapy utilizing dietary flavonoids and hypouricemic pharmaceuticals at a suboptimal dosage to minimize any potential adverse side effects. The present study was designed to screen natural compounds for their xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI) are used in the treatment of gout. Gout is a common worldwide health problem. It arises due to elevated serum levels of uric acid. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors block the production of uric

Tannins are chemicals that help treat symptoms such as diarrhea, throat irritation and can help to lower down high glucose levels and cholesterol levels. Flavanoids chemicals help individuals with diabetes to improve their blood circulation, preventing further complications with retinopathy from the eye previously mentioned. There are some more possible effects using bilberry, for example it has been shown that bilberry can be used to treat circulation problems, using bilberry for 30 days reduces the symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency. Some studies said that a chemical on bilberry called anthocyanoside can improve problems with

Liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is consequently susceptible to the toxicity induced from these agents. Chemicals that cause liver injury are termed hepatotoxins, and more than 900 drugs have been implicated in causing liver injury and it is the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market. Chemicals often cause subclinical injury to liver which may be manifest by abnormal liver enzyme tests. Certain medicinal agents when taken in overdoses and sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges may injure the organ. Other chemical agents such as those used in laboratories and industries, natural chemicals (e.g. microcystins) and herbal remedies can also induce hepatotoxicity (e.g. Lycopodiumserratum and Ephedra equisetina).

However, due to its high cost and probable side-effects, alternative therapy is now seriously being sought for. Some most recently -studied medications are isoflavones. These are phytoestrogens, i.e. plant compounds, whose phenolic ring is similar to 17β-estradiol and that can bind to the estrogen receptor with a decreased affinity (4). Results of several studies have shown the beneficial effects of isoflavones on tHcy level (5-7), although others did not observe any changes (8-11). In the case of lipid level, some studies reported favorable effect (12, 13). However, a study in Bangladesh revealed that the dietary formononetin, one specific type of phytoestrogens, had no advantageous effect in reducing CVD risks in menopausal women (11).

cells and avoid the immune system response; also in human influenza infections, this glycan promotes binding of the virus to the glycans on erythrocytes; thus, facilitating the entry of the virus to the cells. Its overexpression on cell membranes is linked to cancer metastasis (Fuster and Esko, 2005; Severi et al., 2007). Therefore, the better understanding of how this post-translational modification occurs, will give insight into options for applications in biotechnology and medical treatments. A way of doing this is generating sialic acid analogues to be accepted by a SiaT enzyme. For instance, studies with various α-2-3 and α 2 6 linked sialyl galactosides analogues containing C9-modified sialic acids (produced by a coupled assay with enzymes:

Astaxanthin is a kind of keto-carotenoid with a formula of C40H52O4. It belongs to a class of chemicals called terpenes. Terpenes are a product of two five-carbons compounds which are isopentenyl diphosphate (or IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (or DMAPP). Ketone and hydroxyl are the important functional groups of the molecule of Astaxanthin. The molecule of Astaxanthin has both polar and nonpolar regions but the non-polar region dominate the molecule making Astaxanthin a lipid-soluble red colored pigment. Alternating single and double bonds in the molecule are responsible for the reddish color of Astaxanthin. The alternating double bonds are also responsible for the antioxidant property of Astaxanthin because the double bonds created an

Resveratrol, 3,4’,5-trihydroxystilbene (MW: 228.2) is a naturally occurring polyphenol and phytoalexin with a stilbene structure (Carrizzo et al., 2013). There are various sources of resveratrol such as grapes, peanuts and mulberries. In 1940, it was first detected in the roots of white hellebore (Veratrum grandiflorum) and in 1963, it was isolated from the roots of traditional Chinese medicinal plant, Polygonum cupsidatum (Langcake et al., 1977;Vaz-da-Silva et al., 2008). The basic structure of resveratrol comprises of two phenolic rings linked by a double styrene bond, which is responsible for the cis and trans isomeric forms (Gambini et al., 2015). Exposure to ultraviolet light converts the biologically active trans-resveratrol to inactive

Most patients now prefer herbal medicine as compared to medicinal drugs. They are becoming popular to treat everything from minor to major to diseases. The reason why people are so into herbal medicine is because of their natural qualities that promote a healthy method of healing various products.

These all come from a shrub indigenous in China and Canada, called the camellia silences plant. According to WebMD they hold special antioxidants called flavonoids.