What´s Thyroid Enlargement?

TPO is an enzyme that plays a role in the production of thyroid hormones. However, over time, thyroiditis causes slow and chronic cell damage leading to the development of a goiter (enlarged thyroid) with gradual thyroid failure, and most patients will eventually develop symptoms of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroid symptoms may include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, increased sensitivity to cold, dry skin, depression, muscle aches and reduced exercise tolerance, and irregular or heavy menses. (American Thyroid Association 2017).

Hashimoto thyroiditis is a common disease caused by hypothyroidism. The immune system cells attack the thyroid gland, causing inflammation and eventually destruction of the gland. This reduces the thyroids ability to make hormones. These hormones are known as thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) (Better health channel 2015).

Dr. Hakaru Hashimoto identified four patients with similar characteristics such as: “diffuse lymphocytic infiltration, fibrosis, parenchymal atrophy, and eosinophilic change in some of the acinar cells.” Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis often presents a painless yet enlarged thyroid gland, called a goiter. Hashimoto’s disease was often misdiagnosed and often found by either surgery or a thyroidectomy, according to Syrenicz, Anhelli (2013)

After many years, or even decades, damage to the thyroid causes it to shrink and the goiter to disappear.

TSH not only stimulates the thyroid gland to churn out more hormones. If in excess, can cause overwhelming cell growth and division to result in goiter.

Tympanic membrane perforations are very common disease. There are many factors that can contribute to this condition. Trauma, accidents, foreign objects on the ear and Middle ear infections frequently results in the accumulation of fluids in their middle ear causing a pressure capable to rupture the

JG, a 34-year old Caucasian female presented to the primary care physician office with complaints of losing weight and feelings that "her heart is beating out of her chest". On assessment it was noted that JG had lost twenty pounds in 3 months. JG exhibited tremors in hands, bulging eyes, and pretibial edema. On physical examination there was a goiter, or enlarged thyroid gland noted.

In the late 1900s graves’ disease was referred to the newspapers as exophthalmic goiter. The earliest it has ever been known was 1879, the Chester Pennsylvania’s Daily Times reported that a Dr. Pepper had 70 patients he had been working on. In 1902 Florence Beckel traveled to New York to see a specialist. As reported from Berlin by The New York Times in 1913, “It was not so many years ago when a diagnosis of exophthalmic goiter was equivalent to a death sentence.” The poor survival rate motivated doctors to seek new treatments, and many doctors thought they found it in X-rays’ 50 percent higher success rate (Gleason, T. (n.d.). A Short History of Graves' Disease Reporting in North American Newspapers. Retrieved August 20, 2014.) The pharmacology for this disease is radioactive iodine therapy and anti-thyroid medications such as propylthiouracil and methimazole (Tapazole). Beta blockers such as propranolol (Inderal), atenolol (Tenormin), Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol-XL), and Nadolol (Corgard). For non-pharmacology Surgery is the best way to help remove that thyroid. What I found most interesting is the history part of it. What I learned is that if affects women and it can be fatal if left untreated. Staff, M. (2014,

Signs of a problem with the thyroid gland are swelling in the thyroid area of the neck which may or may not be painful. There may also be an enlargement of the thyroid. The doctor will palpate (feel) the throat for swelling or nodules (lumps) on the thyroid gland. Upon scanning the thyroid gland, lumps or nodules could appear which may or may not be cancerous. These nodules can occur in any age group, but most occur in people as they age. The lump may be solid of full of liquid (cystic).

Thyroid nodules are lumps in the thyroid often called adenomas. These adenomas are quite common affecting around seven percent our countries population. These lumps on the thyroid can become very active and thus produce a large amount of thyroid hormone. In some cases hyperthyroidism is brought on by consuming too much medication that treats an underactive thyroid.

It is predicted that the experiment rats will have a goiter growing in their upper chest region. Goiters are a growth in size of the thyroid gland. It is also predicted that the control group will have a smooth non swollen upper chest region due to normal thyroid size.

Graves disease is the swelling of the neck and protrusion of the eyes resulting from an overactive thyroid gland. Women are five times more likely to suffer from Graves disease, the most common ages are between 20 and 40 ("Graves' disease." par. 1). It is common for people with Graves disease to get it after they have had an infection or they have been under a lot of physical or mental stress. Graves disease only affects around 0.5% of the population, but it is the underlying cause of hyperthyroidism about 80% of the time (Brent, Gregory A. par. 3). Hyperthyroidism is when your thyroid is overactive, this causes an increased heartbeat and metabolism. I found this topic to be interesting because I’ve never heard of this disease before. Its name caught my attention and when I started a brief search on the disease, I wanted to deeper explore the topic. Graves disease affects many people in many different ways, which can make it hard to diagnose. Many of the small symptoms add up to this dangerous disease

Toxic nodular goiters are nodules that secrete thyroid hormones independent of TSH stimulation. They are usually benign follicular adenomas. Nodules larger than about 3 cm can cause a thyrotoxic crisis, also known as thyroid storm. This is a life threatening emergency; death is rare if treatment is initiated early and vigorously.

It is very true that a lot of people with thyroid nodules live normal life, only because the vast majority of thyroid nodules are benign, and are in fact not harmful to our bodies. However, you will come across a handful of people that will act frantically if informed that their thyroid ultrasound is showing an image with 3 nodules. Well, there are many ways to interpret the ultrasound result of the image with 3 nodules. Firstly, thyroid nodules are abnormal growth that forms a lump in the thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules may be single or multiple. If the thyroid gland has multiple nodules, as it appears in this scenario, it is referred to as a multinodular goiter. We are already aware that most people have these thyroid nodules. We also know

A thyroid nodule is a discrete lesion within the thyroid gland that is distinguishable from the adjacent parenchyma. Sonographic examination of enlarged nodular thyroids, demonstrated that 66% had multiple nodules, whereas 34% had single nodules. Among these single nodules, 85%–90% were proved to be benign. Adenomatous nodules represent most of benign thyroid nodules (80%), whereas the remaining benign nodules consisted of adenoma, cyst, and focal thyroiditis (1).